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CH 11 Compressible Flow
CH 11 Compressible Flow
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Learning Objectives
(Thermodynamics Review)
Example
Calculate the
(a) change in internal energy between sections (1) and (2),
(b) change in enthalpy between sections (1) and (2),
(c) change in density between sections (1) and (2), and
(d) change in entropy between sections (1) and (2).
Mach Number and Speed of Sound (sec B)
• What we perceive as sound consists of weak pressure pulses that move through air
• Consider an infinitesimally thin, weak pressure pulse moving at the speed of sound c through a fluid
at rest
• Select infinitesimally thin control volume that moves with the pressure pulse (a)
• Fix coordinate system in the control volume, i.e. consider fluid passing stationary control volume (b)
notes
Mach Number and Speed of Sound
• What we perceive as sound consists of weak pressure pulses that move through air
• Consider an infinitesimally thin, weak pressure pulse moving at the speed of sound c through a fluid
at rest
• Select infinitesimally thin control volume that moves with the pressure pulse (a)
• Fix coordinate system in the control volume, i.e. consider fluid passing stationary control volume (b)
notes
Mach Number and Speed of Sound
• What we perceive as sound consists of weak pressure pulses that move through air
• Consider an infinitesimally thin, weak pressure pulse moving at the speed of sound c through a fluid
at rest
• Select infinitesimally thin control volume that moves with the pressure pulse (a)
• Fix coordinate system in the control volume, i.e. consider fluid passing stationary control volume (b)
• Apply continuity equation and linear momentum equation to the flow through the control volume
notes
Speed of Sound
Continuity equation: Ac A c V
p
or V (b)
c
p
From (a) and (b), speed of sound: c
Mach Number and Speed of Sound
p
Speed of sound: c
p
Assuming isentropic flow: c
s
dp p
Introducing bulk modulus of elasticity: Ev
d s
Ev
speed of sound in any fluid (gases of liquids): c
• Consider the emission of weak pressure pulses from a point source moving in a stationary fluid (or
let fluid flow past a stationary point source) with velocity :
– V=0
– V<c
– V=c
– V>c
– Incompressible flow: Ma <= 0.3. Unrestricted, nearly symmetrical and instantaneous pressure
communication.
– Compressible subsonic flow: 0.3 < Ma < 1.0. Unrestricted but noticeably asymmetrical pressure
communication.
– Compressible supersonic flow: Ma => 1.0. Formation of Mach wave; pressure communication restricted to
zone of action
aircraft
Example
Aircraft cruising at 1000-m elevation, z, above you
moves past in a fly-by. How many seconds after the
plane passes overhead do you expect to wait before you
hear the aircraft if it is moving with a Mach number equal
to 1.5 and the ambient temperature is 20°C?
Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas
Isentropic Flow of and Ideal Gas
• Consider steady, one-dimensional, isentropic flow of an ideal gas with constant specific heat.
• One-dimensional flow – velocity and fluid property changes in the streamwise direction.
cp
p RT c p cv R k
cv
Rk R p
cp cv const
k 1 k 1 k
Effect of Variations in Flow Cross-Sectional Area
How fluid density and flow velocity change with axial location in a variable area duct
when fluid is ideal gas and flow is steady and isentropic?
notes
Effect of Variations in Flow Cross-Sectional Area
dV dA 1
V
A 1 Ma 2
d dA Ma 2
A 1 Ma 2
Effect of Variations in Flow Cross-Sectional Area
dA
dV
A
1 Ma 2
V
• Converging-diverging duct:
– accelerates subsonic flow to supersonic (acts as a nozzle)
Stagnation state of the fluid is used as a reference state for compressible flow
calculations
Converging-Diverging Duct Flow
T 1 p 1 1
T0 k 1 p0 k 1 2 0 k 1 2
1 Ma
2
1 2 Ma 1 2 Ma
2
graph
Converging-Diverging Duct Flow
T 1 p 1 1
T0 k 1 p0 k 1 2 0 k 1 2
1 Ma
2
1 2 Ma 1 2 Ma
2
graph
Converging-Diverging Duct Flow
T 1 p 1 1
T0 k 1 p0 k 1 2 0 k 1 2
1 Ma
2
1 2 Ma 1 2 Ma
2
k
p 2
*
k 1
p0 k 1
T* 2
T0 k 1
1
2
*
k 1
0 k 1
p* T* *
0.528 0.833 0.634
p0 T0 0
Example
A converging duct passes air steadily from standard atmospheric conditions to a receiver pipe. The throat
flow cross-sectional area of the converging duct is 1x10-4 m2. Determine the mass flow rate through the duct
if the receiver pressure is (a) 80 kPa, (b) 40 kPa (abs) sketch temperature entropy diagrams for situations
(a) and (b)
notes
Example
A converging duct passes air steadily from standard atmospheric conditions to a receiver pipe. The throat
flow cross-sectional area of the converging duct is 1x10-4 m2. Determine the mass flow rate through the duct
if the receiver pressure is (a) 80 kPa, (b) 40 kPa (abs) sketch temperature entropy diagrams for situations
(a) and (b)
th 1 k 1
Density at the throat
0 1 k 1 2 Ma th2
Tth 1
Temperature at the throat
T0 1 k 1 2 Ma th2
Example (cntd)
pth 1 k 1
Mach number at the throat is obtained from
p0 1 k 1 2 Ma th2
If pres p* then pth pres . If pres p* then pth p* and flow is choked
Temperature-entropy diagrams
(b) for flow situations (a) and (b) (c) for flow downstream from the exit of the converging duct
Converging-Diverging Duct Flow
T 1 p 1 1
T0 k 1 p0 k 1 2 0 k 1 2
1 Ma
2
1 2 Ma 1 2 Ma
2
have been used to construct tables and graphs of T/T0, p/p0 and /o for air (k = 1.4) as a function of
Mach number.
These graphs can also be used to solve compressible flow problems (Examples 11.6, 11.7)
notes
Converging-Diverging Duct Flow
T 1 p 1 1
T0 k 1 p0 k 1 2 0 k 1 2
1 Ma
2
1 2 Ma 1 2 Ma
2
have been used to construct tables and graphs of T/T0, p/p0 and /o for air (k = 1.4) as a function of
Mach number.
These graphs can also be used to solve compressible flow problems (Examples 11.6, 11.7)
The useful concept for isentropic duct flow is the ratio of local area, A, to critical area, A*, as a function of
Mach number:
k 1
1 1 k 1 2 Ma
2 2 k 1
A
A* Ma 1 k 1 2
Example 11.8
Air enters subsonically from standard atmosphere and flows isentropically through a choked
converging-diverging duct having a circular cross-section area, A, that varies with axial distance
from the throat, x, according to the formula
A 0.1 x 2
where A is in square meters and x is in meters. The duct extends from x 0.5 m to x 0.5 m.
For this flow situation, sketch the side view of the duct and graph the variation of Mach number,
static temperature to stagnation temperature ratio, and static pressure to stagnation pressure ratio,
through the duct from x -0.5 m to x 0.5 m.
Solution
A/A* values are used to get values of Ma number, T/T0 and p/p0 from the graph
Results are given in table
With the air entering the choked converging-diverging duct subsonically, only one isentropic solution
exists for the converging portion of the duct. Flow becomes sonic at the throat.
Two isentropic solutions are possible for the diverging portion of the duct – one subsonic, the other
supersonic. If p/p0 is set at 0.98 at outlet (x = +0.5 m) the subsonic flow will occur. If p/p0 is set at 0.04 at
outlet (x = +0.5 m) the supersonic flow field will exist.
Isentropic Choked Flow in a Converging-Diverging Duct with Supersonic Entry
Example 11.9
Repeat previous example with the air entering the choked converging-diverging duct supersonically
With the air entering the duct supesonically, a unique isentropic solution is obtained for the converging
portion of the duct. Flow decelerates to the sonic condition at the throat.
Two isentropic solutions obtained in the previous example for the diverging portion are still valid
Isentropic Unchoked Flow in a Converging-Diverging Duct
Example 11.10
Repetition of the example for not choked converging-diverging duct shows that:
1. There are an infinite number of subsonic, isentropic flow solutions
2. There are an infinite number of supersonic flow solutions
Thus, variety of flow situations can occur for flow in a converging-diverging duct
Converging-Diverging Duct Flow
a b c
Converging-Diverging Duct Flow
grossly overexpanded
overexpanded
Ambient
underexpanded
Nonisentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas
Adiabatic Constant-Area Duct Flow with Friction
(Fanno Flow)
V2
h h0 constant
2
notes
Adiabatic Constant-Area Duct Flow with Friction
(Fanno Flow)
V2
h h0 constant
2
V
2
T2
T T0 constant
2c p p R
2 2
V
2
T2 T p
T T0 constant s s1 c p ln R ln
2c p p 2 R 2 T1 p1
1 1 Ma k 1 k 1 2 Ma f l l
2 2 *
ln 2
k Ma 2 2k 1 k 1 2 Ma D
f l * l2 f l * l1 f
l1 l2
D D D
For Fanno flow, the length of duct needed to produce a given change in Mach number can be
determined from above equations or graph
Thermodynamic and flow properties can also be determined for Fanno flow
12 12
k 1 V k 1 2 Ma 1 k 1 2
2
T 2 p
k 1 V * k 1 p* Ma k 1
T*
1 2
1 2
1 Ma 2
Ma 2 2
Ma
2
Frictionless Constant-Area Duct Flow with Heat
Transfer (Rayleigh Flow)
Frictionless Constant-Area Duct Flow with Heat
Transfer (Rayleigh Flow)
V
2
RT T p
p constant s s1 c p ln R ln
p T1 p1
Rayleigh line
Rayleigh Flow
dV q 1
V
c pT 1 Ma 2
notes
Rayleigh Flow
notes
Rayleigh Flow
Using the state of the Rayleigh flow at point a as the reference state (Ma =1) we can obtain
equations to quantify the Rayleigh flow (see also graph)
T 1 k Ma 1 k Ma
2
p 1 k V
Ma 2
pa 1 k Ma2 Ta 1 k Ma2 a Va 1 k Ma
k 1
2 k 1 Ma 2 1 Ma 2
T0
2
2
T0 ,a 1 k Ma 2
k k 1
p0
1 k 2 1 k 1 Ma2
p0,a
1 k Ma2 k 1 2
Normal Shock Waves
Consider steady compressible flow of
ideal gas across a normal shock wave
V2
h h0 constant
2
Normal Shock Waves
Continuity, linear momentum, and energy equations for thins flow are:
V RT V T 2
2 2
notes
Normal Shock Waves
Flow across a normal shock wave can only proceed from supersonic to subsonic flow
(a) Normal shock in a Fanno flow. (b) Normal shock in a Rayleigh flow.
(c) Normal shock in a frictionless and adiabatic flow.
notes
Normal Shock Waves
Ratios of thermodynamic properties across a normal shock are functions of the Mach numbers (see
also graph)
py 1 k Ma 2x Ty 1 k 1 2 Ma 2x
px 1 k Ma2y Tx 1 k 1 2 Ma 2y
Ma 2x 2 k 1
Ma 2y
2k k 1 Ma 2x 1
notes
Normal Shock Waves
notes
End of ‘Compressible Flow’
References
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k
p2 p1 k 1 k 1
1 Ma12 1 (compressible) (3.25)
p1 2
p2 p1 k Ma12
(incompressible) (3.26)
p1 2
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Variation of the drag coefficient of a
sphere with Reynolds number and
Mach number
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Velocity of point source V = 0
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Velocity of point source V = 0
Pressure waves at t = 3 s, V = 0
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Velocity of point source V = 0
Pressure waves at t = 3 s, V = 0
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Velocity of point source V < c
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Velocity of point source V = c
Flow is sonic
Pressure waves at t = 3 s, V = c
back
Flow is supersonic Velocity of point source V > c
c 1
Mach cone is formed sin
V Ma
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0.1 x 2 A 0.1 x 2
r
A* 0.1
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Frictionless Constant-Area Duct Flow with Heat
Transfer (Rayleigh Flow)
Rayleigh flow
Effect of Variations in Flow Cross-Sectional Area