Oil and Grease Treatment

Units

Prepared By:
Dimpi Shah
M.E.IIIrd
Enroll No.
110280718012
Env. Mangt.
LDCE
Ahmedabad-15
 Topics Which are Discussed in
Detail
Definition
Sources of Oily Waste
Effects of Oil and Grease
Forms, Industrial Sources and Removal
Mechanisms of Oil and Grease
Treatment Units
Technology Card
Design Criteria
Design Steps
References
 What is Oil and Grease?

Oil and grease is defined as a group

of related materials rather than a
specific chemical compound extractable
by certain solvents, such as hexane.
Oil and grease refers to a mixture of
organic compounds that are measured
using a common analytical test. There is
no individual chemical called "oil and
grease".
Continue….
The term oil is to indicate a water
insoluble organic material that is a
liquid at room temperature. The term
grease means a water insoluble organic
material that is a solid or semi-solid at
room temperature. There are other
connotations that many people
associate with these terms, such as
oils meaning a lubrication fluid, while a
grease is a lubrication solid.
 Sources of Oily Waste
Industry Description

Food Industry (Baking Natural Fats and oils resulting from animal and plants processing,
dairy, Oil extraction, Fish including slaughtering, cleaning and By-products.
processing, poultry and
meat industries)
Textile Manufacturing Oil and grease from wool scouring and cotton finishing operations.
Petroleum Light and heavy oils resulting from the production, refining,
storage, Transportation and retailing of petroleum and petroleum
products.
Primary metals Rolling and drawing oils resulting from the mill rinses and scale pit
effluents of ferrous and non-ferrous metals manufacture.
Fabricated metals, Grinding, lubricating, stamping and cutting oils employed in
machinery & transportation ferrous and non ferrous metal fabricating and rinsed from parts in
equipments clean up operations.

Cooling & Heating Dilute oil-containing cooling water, from leakage in pumps,
condensers, heat exchangers etc…
Transportation Services Oils and grasses generated during the repair, maintenance, fueling
and cleaning of transportation vehicles and facilities.
 Effects of Oil and Grease
 The oil and grease content of domestic and certain industrial
waste waster and of sludge’s is an important in handling and
treatment of these material for ultimate disposal.
 Oil and grease may influence waste-water system, If present in
excessive amount.
 They may interfere with an aerobic and anaerobic biological
process and lead to decreased waste water treatment
efficiency.
 Industrial waste contain high quantity of oil and grease which
may cause a serious problem if discharged into water body
without treatment, such as adversely affects the aquatic life
reduced the DO concentration and deteriorate the quality of
water bodies.
 OG in water can cause surface films and shoreline deposits
leading to environmental degradation, and can induce human
health risks when discharged in surface or ground waters.
 Oils and Grease (O&G) travels through system, will solidify
and cause blockages and stoppages .
 Forms, Industrial Source and Removal
Mechanisms of Oil and Grease
Forms of oil and Concentration, Description Industry Removal
grease in (w/w) mg/L
mechanisms
wastewater
Free oil More than 500 It is oil that rises Petroleum Gravity
rapidly to the Refinery, Seperator,
surface under Food Skimmers,
calm conditions. Industry, Oil/water
It is characterized Primary Seperator
with droplet sizes metals, oil
greater than 150 production
µ in size. power
plants
Dispersed Oil DAF : < 500 Dispersed oil Petroleum Dissolved Air
IGF : < 300 mixture has a Refinery, floatation/
droplet size Food Induced gas
range between 20 Industry, floatation
and 150 µ. Primary
metals, oil
production
Transportati
on services
Continue..
Dissolved oil < 100 These are oils from the Textile Air Stripping,
light end of the oil manufacture, activated carbon
spectrum such as oil production absorption
benzene, toluene and mill columns,
xylene. The molecules are Biological
less than five microns in treatment and
size. combination of
three
Emulsified < 500 Oil droplets smaller than Petroleum Dissolved Air
Oil 20 µ (typically 1-10 µ) form Refinery, Flotation
(Chemically relatively stable emulsions Automotive
and that cannot be broken by and railroads,
mechanically gravity forces alone. oil production
emulsified Gravity separator cannot mill, Tanning ,
Oil) be used effectively in this Dairy
case.
Oil wet Solids <100 This category includes oil Primary Sand filters,
that adheres to sediments meals, Textile flocculants and
and other particulate manufacture oil/water
matter such as metal separators.
chafing that are common
in industrial wastewater.
 Treatment Units
 Oil and grease in the wastewater contained in oil processing
industries can be removed by the use of widely accepted
techniques. Since the removal of oil and grease depends on the
condition of the oil-water mixture, the type of equipment must be
carefully selected. There are different types of techniques used for
the removal of oil and grease are as follows:
 Oil and Grease Trap
 Oil Skimmers
 Oil Separators :
• API (American Petroleum Institute)
• CPI/TPI (Corrugated Plate Interceptor/Tilted Plate Interceptor)
• Hydro Cyclone Separator
 Flotation Units:
• DAF (Dissolved Air Floatation), IAF (Induced Air Floatation), Nozzle
Floatation (NF), Column Floatation, Centrifugal Floatation (CF),
Cavitations Air Floatation (CAF), Flocculation Floatation Device
(FF), Multibubble Floatation Channel
 Technology Card
Preliminary Treatment

Name Oil Skimmers

Targeted Free Oil
Contaminant
Purpose An oil skimmer is a machine that separates a liquid from
particles floating on it or from another liquid. A common
application is removing oil floating on water.
Types Weir and Oleophilic (Drum, Rope mop, Belt, Disc).
Advantages Low Capital Cost, easy to service and maintenance, very
high oil removal rates , Very easy to deployed, Self
Adjusting
Disadvantages Oil collected can contain high water %, Expansive to
install, Efficiency affected by debris, Very slow oil skim
rate
Continue… Preliminary Treatment

Name Oil and Grease Trap

Targeted Free Oil (non-emulsified oil)
Contaminant

How it works? The Incoming liquid is released below surface through a

T-joint the tank is always filled till this level the fat and
scum rise to the top and removed periodically. The
heavier grit and solids sink to the bottom of the tank.
The baffle plate prevents the floating fat and scum and
wastewater reaching the outlet side is free of grit and
solids
Types Passive Oil and grease Traps, Large pre-cast concrete
grease traps, Automatic grease tarps
Advantages Light weight and transferable, Easy to operate,
Economical,.
Disadvantages An excessive amount of solids passes through the trap,
Excessive order, poor design, poor operation.
Oil and Grease Trap
OIL AND GREASE TRAP
 Preliminary Treatment

Name API Separators (American Petroleum Institute)

Targeted Free Oil and Dispersed Oil
Contaminant
How it works? The wastewater firstly passes through an inlet section and
after enters into the tank, where a velocity diffusion device
is positioned immediately downstream of the influent
entrance. Removal of settled sludge and floating oil is
usually accomplished with a chain drive mechanism
Floating materials are usually skimmed to the effluent end
of the basin by the "flights" returning at the liquid surface.
The floating material may then be manually scraped up an
inclined apron or removed hydraulically or mechanically.
Advantages Concentrated Oil Removal, huge capacity to absorb the
spills, Responsive to variations in flow and load
Disadvantages Large area required, Higher Costs, Large internal
submerged scraper systems are difficult to access for
maintenance.
API SEPERATOR
API SEPERATOR
 Preliminary Treatment

Name CPI Seperator (Corrugated Plate Seperator)

Targeted Free Oil and Dispersed Oil
Contaminant
How it works? A CPI consists a number of parallel corrugated plates
wastewater flows upwards between the plates collecting
on the underside of adjacent plates where they coalesce
The coalesced oil droplets move up the plates to form a
floating layer that is skimmed from the surface of the
process tank. The solids and the oil settle from the
wastewater stream and collect on the top of the adjacent
plates; they then move down the plates and drop off into
the bottom of the CPI vessel.
Advantages Very small space requirements, low maintenance costs,
low capital costs, no moving parts, less energy required,
Disadvantages Not tolerant to variations in flow and load, Can be
overwhelmed by spills , Risk of reduced efficiency due to
blockage with accumulations of mud
CPI SEPERATOR
CPI SEPERATOR
 Primary Treatment

Name Hydro cyclone Separator

Targeted Dissolved Oil and Oil wet solids
Contaminant
How it works? Oily water enters the unit through a tangential inlet. The
flow is directed into a vortex. As the flow is forced down
the liner it takes up a helical form along the inner walls.
Centrifugal force in cone shaped vessel allows solids to
flow to sidewalls and down while clarified effluent flows
from top.
Advantages Small Space Requirements, Concentrated Oil removal,
Lower Cost.
Disadvantages Very poor response to variation in flow and load, Requires
minimum 35 psi feed pressure, Solids may require
thickening
HYDROCYCLONE SEPERATOR
Floatation Units
 Flotation technology is the most widely used method for
removing contaminants from waste streams resulting from oil
field remediation, stimulation, completion and work over fluid
activities.
 It is the process of creating bubbles using air or gas by either
mechanical or hydraulic methods.
 Attaching a small gas (air) bubble to an oil droplet decreases the
density of the droplet, increasing the rate at which the oil droplet
rises to the surface.
 The flotation process floats solids, oils, and other contaminants
to the surface
 Floated contaminates are skimmed and removed
 Attachment of gas bubbles to oil droplets is the key factor to
effective separation.
 Preliminary Treatment

Name Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)

Targeted Dispersed Oil, Dissolved Oil, Emulsified Oil and also Free
Contaminant Oil
How it works? In a DAF unit, the feed is conditioned by the sequential
addition of a coagulants and flocculants to form flocs. As
the flocs enter the main tank, a recycle of treated effluent,
which has been saturated with air at elevated pressure, is
mixed with the conditioned feed. As the recycle is
depressurized, small bubbles form and attach to the flocs
causing a floating effect. The flocs float to the surface and
are removed by a scraper.
Advantages Tolerant of changes in wastewater strength and flow,
Integral chemical conditioning provides good removal of
oil emulsions, Low sludge production,
Disadvantages Higher costs and larger footprint compare to the other
technologies.
DISSOLVED AIR FLOATATION
Dissolved Air Floatation
 Preliminary Treatment

Name Induced Air Floatation

Targeted Dispersed Oil, Dissolved Oil, Emulsified Oil and also Free Oil
Contaminant
How it works? The unit consists of a floatation tank fitted with a vertically
mounted aerator and a circular sludge skimmer or chain sludge
scraper to removes the separated wastes. Untreated oily-water or
wastewater enters the feed box retain for 2 min. then enters
induced air floatation (IAF) which contain aerators, generates the
fine bubbles and float the oil or sludge. The oily components,
over flow the IAF cell into the disengagement section where the
aerated waste separates from liquid and collects on the surface.
The waste travels towards skimmer transported by a chain
scraper where it over flows into a trough, while wastewater drains
from below.
Types Mechanical IAF, Hydraulically IAF
Advantages Small Footprint, lower costs.
Disadvantages Higher sludge production, Poor removal of oil emulsions, Less
tolerant of load and flow variations
INDUCED AIR FLOATATION
 Hydraulic Induced Air
Floatation

Mechanical Induced
Air Floatation
 Comparison of DAF and IAF
Parameters IAF DAF
Volume of float High Low

Hydraulic loading High (0.4 – 0.6 m/min) Low (0.02 – 0.14

rate m/min)

Retention time Low (4 min) High (20 – 60 min)

Proper Chemical More sensitive than Less Sensitive than

Addition DAF however required IAF
higher dosages of
chemicals
 Other Floatation Devices
Sr. Types of
Description Application Figure
No. Floatation
Process uses a gas Petrochemical
aspiration nozzle (an industry for the
educator or an separation of o/w
exhauster) to draw air emulsions and
into recycled water, treatment of oily
which in turn is metal-laden
discharged into a wastewater
Nozzle
1 flotation vessel (similar
Floatation
to the dispersed-air
conventional
machines), to develop a
two phase mixture of air
and water. Bubbles are
of the size 400–800 lm in
diameter.
In the columns used in Applications of
the mineral processing column flotation
area, feed slurry enters in the field of oil
about one-third the way removal in
down from the top and production
descends against a waters and in the
Column rising swarm of bubbles recovery of heavy
2
Floatation generated by a sparger. metals
In wastewater treatment, precipitates
feed enters by the
column top in the middle
of the ‘‘concentrate’’
product.
Cont…
Sr. Types of
Description Application Figure
No. Floatation
The separator and Same as above
contactor can be a
Hydrocyclone or a
simple cylinder. Thus, a
centrifugal field is
developed. Aeration
Centrifugal occurs by either
3
Floatation injecting air (or by
suction), through flow
constrictions, such as
static mixers or nozzles,
medium size bubbles
having 100–1000 lm
diameters are generated
Cavitations air flotation CAF is utilized in
utilizes an aerator the food
(rotating disc), which industry,
draws ambient air down especially in the
a shaft and injects milk industry,
‘‘micro-bubbles’’ directly paint and
Cavitations into the wastewater. tanneries to
4
Air Floatation remove
suspended
solids, fats, oils,
greases, BOD
COD
Cont…
Sr. Types of
Description Application Figure
No. Floatation
A new turbulent on-line -------
flocculation system assisted
with air bubbles These flocs,
which rapidly ‘‘float’’, are
formed only in the presence
of high molecular weight
Flocculation polymers and bubbles The
5
Floatation air excess air leaves the
flotation tank (a centrifuge)
by the top and the flocs float
after very short residence
times

The removal of colloidal

ferric hydroxide by flotation
in column with bubbles
generated in a static mixer
and micro-bubbles
Micro generated as in DAF. Gains
bubble reported were a better air-to-
6
floatation solids ratio (higher bubble
channel surface flux), improved
process kinetics and
improved process
throughput
Summary of Technologies
 Design Criteria
Treatment Units
Oil and Grease Trap
Length – 2 times of width
Residence Time – 5 to 20 min.
Surface Area – 1.5 to 2 times of depth in m2
API Seperator
Horizontal velocity – Maxi. 0.9 m/min
Depth – 0.9 to 2.4 m
Width - 1.8 to 6 m
Length - maxi. 90 m
Depth to width ratio – 0.3 to 0.5
Velocity in the pre separator section – 3-6 m/min
Retention time in pre- separator section – 1 to 2 min
DAF (Dissolved Air Floatation)
Recycle Pressure – 200 to 500 KPa
Air Solubility correction factor – 0.5 to 0.8
Air to Solid Ratio - 0.01 to 0.1
Hydraulic Retention Time – 20 to 60 min.
Surface Loading – 0.02 to 0. 14 m/min
Recycle Rate – 5 to 100%
Pressure Tank retention Time – 1 to 3 min.
 Contu…..
IAF (Induced Air Floatation)
Air to Liquid Ratio (v/v) – 6
Hydraulic Retention Time – 4 min.
Surface Loading Rate – 0.4 to 0.6 m/min
Recycle Rate – 25 to 50 % for hydraulic IAF
CPI Seperator

Hydrocyclone Seperator
 Design Steps
Treatment Units
Oil and Grease Trap
 Calculate the Volume of tank (V) = HRT X Q
Where, Q in m3/min, HRT in min.
 Calculate the Area of tank (A) = Volume/Depth
Where, Depth is in m
 The dimension of the tank (A) = L X W
Where, Length = 2 times of width.
API Seperator
 Determine Vt and select depth and width of the separator section based on
criteria.
 Calculate the minimum residence time (tm) of the separator at depth d: tm = d/Vt
where , Vt = Velocity, m/min
 Calculate the horizontal velocity of the bulk fluid, Vh, vertical cross-sectional
area, Av, and actual design Vh/Vt
 Calculate the minimum length of the separator section, l(s) = FQtm/wd
Calculate V = l(s)wd = FQtm, and Ah = wl(s)
Continue……
Treatment Units
CPI Seperator
 To calculate the effective surface area required for the
separation = Ap/1.12
Where, Ap= Aa Cos (b)
 To calculate the Total surface area of plates Aa = L X W
No. of Plates
Where , L = length of Seperator , W= width of Seperator
 To calculate the No. of packs= The horizontal surface area
/ The effective surface area of the pack
Where, Horizontal surface area = Q/Vr
 To Calculate the rise Velocity (Vr) = gd2 (ρw - ρo)/ 18µ
Where, Vr= Rise Velocity ,G= Gravity separation , D=
Diameter of particles removed , ρw = Density of fluid, ρo=
Density of oil, µ = Viscosity of fluid
Continue….
Treatment Units
DAF (Dissolved Air Floatation)
To calculate the solid loading = Mass of solid/Surface area
But , A= Q + R/ Surface Loading Rate
Where, Q = Flow Rate m3/min, R = Recycle rate
To calculate the tank volume (V) = Q/Hydraulic Retention
Time
Calculate the surface area (A) = Volume/ length
TO calculate A/s Ratio = 1.3 Sa (P-1) R/ SS x Q
Where, Sa = Solubility of Air, P= pressure in atoms in KPa,
SS = Solids concentration, mg/L, R = Recirculation Rate,
m3/min, Q = DAF feed rate, m3/min
 References
 www.elsevier.com/locate/mine
 Wastewater treatment manual preliminary treatment (US-EPA)
 Particle/Liquid Separation Systems Featuring Inclined Corrugated Plates for Treatment
of Process Water, Potable Water & Wastewater Built By: Water Smart Environmental,
Inc. Shawnee Mission, Kansas.
 Wastewater treatment effluents technology, Thermal Generation Study Committee
20.04 Therchim 20.05 Therres, unipede, eurelectric
 Industrial Oily wastewater pretreatment, Tom Schultz, Siemens water technologies
 The STP Guide Design, Operation, and Maintenance Published by Karnataka Pollution
Contro, Board.
 Surface water Management Manual Chapter -9 Oil and water seperator
 REMOVAL OF OIL AND GREASE IN OIL PROCESSING WASTEWATERS BY
Choong Hee Rhee, Senior Engineer Paul C. Martyn, Supervising Civil Engineer Jay G.
Kremer, Head, Industrial Waste Section All of the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles
County.
 http://www.saintauguste.com/work/animation/daf/daf.html
 http://gco-llc.com/mec/user_manuals/NATCO/TRIDAIR-HYDRAULILC-Induced-Gas-
Flotation-System.pdf
 http://www.waow.net/Brochures/Quadricell.pdf
 http://mbl.co.il/PDF/depurator%20mbl.pdf
 http://www.etsenvironmental.com/wp-content/uploads/rethinkingDAF.pdf
THANK YOU