JOURNAL ENTRY

WORKING ALONE OR WORKING IN

A GROUP?

WHY?
1. PRIMARY VS SECONDARY
GROUPS
Charles Cooley:
The concept of the
primary group was
introduced by Charles
Cooley, a sociologist from
the Chicago School of
sociology, in his book,
“Social Organization: A
Study of the Larger Mind”
(1909).
PRIMARY GROUP
• Primary groups are marked by concern for
one another, shared activities and culture,
and long periods of time spent together.
They are psychologically comforting and
quite influential in developing personal
identity.

• The goal of primary groups is actually the

relationships themselves rather than
SECONDARY GROUPS
• Secondary relationships involve weak emotional
ties and little personal knowledge of one another.
In contrast to primary groups, secondary groups
don’t have the goal of maintaining and
developing the relationships themselves.

• Secondary groups include groups in which one

exchanges explicit commodities, such as labor for
wages, services for payments, and such. They also
include university classes, athletic teams, and
groups of co-workers.
2. IN-GROUPS AND OUT
GROUPS
•Henri Tajfel:

•The in-group and out-

group concepts
originate from social
identity theory, which
grew out of the work
of social psychologists
Henri Tajfel and John
Turner.
 2. IN-GROUPS KEY TERMS
• in-group bias/In- group favoritism refers to a
preference and affinity for one’s in-group over
the out-group, or anyone viewed as outside the
in-group.

• Intergroup aggression: It is any behavior

intended to harm another person because he or
she is a member of an out-group, the behavior
being viewed by its targets as undesirable.
2. OUT-GROUPS
• self-identity: a multi-dimensional construct that
refers to an individual’s perception of “self” in
relation to any number of characteristics, such as
academics and non academics, gender roles and
sexuality, racial identity, and many others.

• social role: it is a set of connected behaviors,

rights, and obligations as conceptualized by
actors in a social situation.

• reference group: it is a concept referring to a

 FORMAL STRUCTURE: BUREAUCRACY
1. Bureaucracy refers to a formal, rationally
organized and highly organized social
structure

Ex: government, schools, corporations etc

 WEBER’S MODEL OF BUREAUCRACY
1. A clear-cut division of labor
2. Hierarchical delegation of power and
responsibility
3. Rules and regulations
4. Impartiality
5. Employment based on technical
qualifications
6. Distinction between public and private
spheres
 BUREAUCRACY TODAY: THE REALITY
1. ALIENATION
2. RITUALISM
3. INCOMPETENCE
 LESSON 4 ACTIVITY
1. Enumerate problems that may arise
from bureaucracy.
2. Give examples of norms of behavior
that influences the way roles are
enacted in a given organization.
3. Discuss why human group is formed.
4. Illustrate how social facilitation and
social inhibition operate in an individual.