Current Affairs lecture # 2

• Corruption: causes, solution

 Q???
1. Total corruption worth in Pakistan?
2. NAB recovered how much amount of corruption money-
3. Corruption perception Index(CPI) of Pakistan?
4. Corruption is basically? : process, system, behavior, need.
5. Who gave the formula C=M+D-A
6. Anti-corruption Laws in Pakistan?
7. Accountability institutions in pakitistan?
8. anti-corruption agencies/institutions in pakitistan
9. Courts dealing with corruption and accountability?
10- RANKING OF PAKISTAN IN CORRUPTION PERCEPTION INDEX
 Q???
• Total corruption worth in Pakistan? More than 20 trillion
• NAB recovered how much amount of corruption money- 297 billion rupees
• Corruption perception Index(CPI) of Pakistan? 116 improved from 175
• Corruption is basically? : behavior
• Who gave the formula C=M+D-A
Prof Robert Klitgaard
• Anti-corruption Laws in Pakistan?
1. Pakistan penal code of 1960,
2. the prevention of corruption Act of 1947,
3. and the National Accountability Ordinance 1999

Accountability institution?
1. Auditor General’s (AG’s) Department,
2. the Public Accounts Committee (PAC)
3. the Ombudsman

• anti-corruption agencies (ACAs)

1. Investigation Agency (FIA), National Accountability Bureau (NAB), Federal level
2. Anti Corruption Establishments (ACEs) at provincial levels

• Courts dealing with corruption and accountability?

• The courts are the in two sets: Accountability Courts set up under the NAB Ordinance and the Central and
Provincial Special Courts established under the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1958.
10- RANKING OF PAKISTAN IN CORRUPTION PERCEPTION INDEX
Owing to outstanding performance of NAB, Pakistan’s corruption perception Index (CPI) has been decreased from
175 position to 116.
• .
Corruption lead to arab spring
• Social Media to Monitor and Report on
Corruption
• Social media is being used to expose corruption
and help root it out. One important player is the
websites “iReport” where individuals can provide
the details of bribes they gave and the officials
who took them. Likewise, it was a young Tunisian
man who is often credited with starting the Arab
Spring by setting himself on fire to bring attention
to the corruption of the local police. He began
the revolution… but social media allowed to
spread and organize.
 C=M+D-A
Prof Robert Klitgaard
• The word corruption is derived from the Latin word corruptus means to break. In simple words the
corruption is defined as the misuse of delegated power for private/personal gains. National anti-
corruption strategy (NACS) has defined the corruption as;
• “A behavior on the part of the office holder in the public or private sector whereby they improperly
and unlawfully enrich themselves or those close to them or induce others to do so, by misgiving the
position in which they are placed”.
•
• Conceptually it is a behavior which distracts a person from ethics, morality tradition, law and civic
virtues.

• Pakistan still suffers a loss of Rs 22 billion every day due to corruption.

• Total corruption has crossed Rs. 20 trillion in pakistan according to TI. In 2012, Transparency
International claimed that Pakistan had lost more than Rs8.5 trillion in corruption, tax evasion and
bad governance during PPP’s five year rule (2008-2013). Similarly, in 2012, the then chairman NAB
revealed the starting figure of daily corruption in Pakistan which just hovered around Rs12 billion.

• Most respondents in a survey conducted by the Transparency International were of the opinion
that lack of accountability and transparency and discretionary powers were the main reasons for
corruption.
• Unfortunately, corruption has become an endemic in Pakistan . No structure , no rank and no
office of public sector is spared of it . Its spread is enormous . It has reached every department of
state – beyond executive it has put its claws on judiciary and legislature even . It would be no
exaggeration to say that the whole body of the state of Pakistan is suffering from this disease
and crying under its dead weight . So huge is its incidence that Pakistan is ranked 139th in the
ranking of Transparency International .
• Owing to outstanding performance of NAB, Pakistan’s corruption perception Index (CPI) has been
decreased from 175 position to 116.
• Corruption severely impacts the life of the citizens through fewer returns on resource use and
adds manifold to their cost of living . Origin of corruption in Pakistan can be traced to the mega
events of 1940s to 1990s and even the current decade . Serious attempts at accountability
originating in mid 1990s and fortifield on the turn of the century were actually turned into tools
of political support or victimization .
• At present there is practically a legal vacuum at the national level . A host of measures are
needed to eradicate this menace. The awareness in the general public and emergence of a strong
civil society , vociferous media and a newly independent judiciary all by themselves stand as a
guarantee to the success of any future programme of accountability .
• The corruption is of various types. It is a petty, grand or political. The petty
corruption is linked to the low salaried employees. This type of corruption
usually exists to fast track the administrative bureau tic procedure and
regulations. Therefore, it is generally referred as ‘facilitating payments’.
The general perception about this kind of corruption is that people indulge
in order to meet their living expenses. Thus the need a reason is applied to
this form of corruption. The grand type of corruption is associated with
high level bureaucracy. The greed and lust for power is the main factors
behind this type of corruption. The political corruption is related to
politicians. The expensive election campaigns, dispense the political favor
from the colleagues and to keep the sub-ordinates happy, cooperative and
loyal, and lust for power is few factors which inspire the politicians for
corruption. The incidence of corruption varies in rate of existence in
society. It may be rare, widespread and systemic.
•
• TI-Pakistan survey of government’s customers
• Respondents attributed . corruption to the
following factors. The weightage
• (total 100%) is given in brackets. The below
results emphasize the need for stronger
accountability
• •
• Two crises played a major role in the genesis of corruption
in Pakistan; the second
• world war and the mass migration as result of partition.
World war II led to an
• alarming increase in the procurement related corruption
leading to the creation
• of the first specialised anti corruption agency in the Sub-
continent, the Special
• Police Establishment. The migration resulted in vacuum in a
number of areas
• creating weaknesses having lasting effects that triggered
the initial phase of
• corruption.
 • Historical factors – Area 1
• 1.1- Initial political vacuum created by lack of experience political leadership was
filled by incompetent bureaucracy leading to corrupt practices.
• .
In 1947, Pakistan inherited a weak economy, inexperienced politicians and a
• professional civil Service. Civil servants filled the vacuum created due to the
• lack of experienced politicians and took over governance of the country, running
• ministries even assuming the posts of Prime Minister, Governor General and
• President. The British tradition of pervasive, intrusive, extractive and elitist
• Government was maintained. On independence, the evacuee property distribution
• created several opportunities for corruption and in the following two decades
• corruption was facilitated by the over-regulated Industrialization policies
• 1.2- Dictatorial rule
• Dictatorial rule coupled with the Press and Publications Ordinance further
diminished the lack of Public accountability. This was made worse by the fact that
eminent politicians were
• weeded out through the Elected Bodies (Disqualification) Ordinance 1959. The
level of temptation was enhanced by the increased inflow of foreign aid For huge
infrastructure projects under military rule from 1958.
• 1.3- Nationalization in the seventies proved a critical trigger point.
• Nationalization in the seventies combined with civil services reforms and a purge of
over thirteen hundred civil servants proved a critical trigger point. The weakened
and insecure civil servants were asked to take on greater responsibility for running
• the nationalized units. they were forced to follow political induction adding fuel to
the fire of corruption.
• TI-Pakistan survey of government’s customers
• Respondents attributed . corruption to the
following factors. The weightage
• (total 100%) is given in brackets. The below
results emphasize the need for stronger
accountability
• •
 Area- 2
• Pakistan’s national integrity system – its
institutions, political processes and civil
society in particular – are extremely weak.
These weaknesses allow corruption to flourish
and go unchecked.
 • 2.1 Weak Legislature and the political system
• the political system is characterised by low
•
•
.
levels of political competition, poor quality of candidates, an undemocratic and
unaccountable party system, unreliable voting and weak political leadership.
• Underlying causes of a weak political system include low literacy rates, feudal
• structures and income disparities.

• 2.2 Violation of Ethical standards by political leadership

• The political leadership sets the country’s ethical standards.
• Sadly, in Pakistan’s case, it is the elected governments which have set such poor examples in
the past by exploiting public office as an opportunity for self-enrichment, looting the public
, massive incompetence and betrayal of public trust.
• the anti-corruption agencies were used as tools for political victimisation and many thus
expect the NAB to engage in selective accountability.
• There is a fear of the accountability processes crashing unless buffered from
• political influences in the future setup.

• 2.3 lack of an inclusive approach

previous attempts at tackling corruption have originated only from government source without
the involvement of other parts of the national integrity system- ie- civil society and private
market. Due to this the will of government to curb menace remained weak.
 • 2.4 political system is highly elitist , undemocratic
• Pakistan’s political system is highly elitist,
• with candidates and political leaders
•
•
.
largely drawn from the feudal classes and, in recent years, the affluent business
classes. Politics became increasingly attractive after the non-party elections of
• 1985 when the absence of party allegiance meant that the majority of a new breed
• of politicians had to be kept together by giving incentives like allocation of
• development funds. This gave great impetus to corruption. The reasons are clear
• as to why the middle classes and others are excluded. Elitist circles exclude them.
• Moreover, fighting elections has required the upfront investment of considerable
• sums of money, which is beyond the means of an average, even a middle class
• citizen. The political party system is thus
• dictatorial and undemocratic. Most political parties are personality driven, with virtually no
alternative leadership. Elections for party posts are unopposed. Two main parties have life
presidencies. Any difference in opinion among leaders often results in a party subdividing
into factions. Ethics management within the party is non-existent. No kind of action
• against any party member on charges of corruption has ever been initiated. Issues
• of personal morality and responsible citizenship of candidates do not feature on
• the agenda after power has been attained.
2.5 Party funding is non-transparent.
• Party accounts are seldom audited despite
• the Political Parties Act’s stipulation to the contrary. This provides opportunities
• for unscrupulous elements to further their interests using the party platform.
 • 3.1 Executive wing lacks vision and competence rearing corruption
• The integrity, vision and competence of ministers and senior officials Has proved to be the
key determinant of an institution’s success in tackling issues of efficiency and effectiveness
.
and institutional corruption. However, this leadership has been frequently lacking in the
past.

• 3.2 large scale discretionary powers given to ministers also produce corruption.
• .one area of particular concern in the past has been the large scale discretionary powers
accorded to senior officials and politicians, who had the legal right to make arbitrary
decisions, used to obtain political influence. Such rights have been largely eliminated but
examples from the past include the discretionary quotas of Chief Executives of the provinces
for admissions to professiona colleges and funding from the discretionary fund and the
allotment of plots by the Prime Minister and Chief Ministers.

• 3.3 Political affiliations and patronage given by politicians to senior officials also nurtures
corruption
• Furthermore, many of the grand corruptions of the past have been through the connivance
of the minister and senior officials Senior officials operate in a politicized environment,
where they rely upon patrons or other influential contacts, and are insulated from the need
to demonstrate improved institutional performance under their command. In recent years
ostensible displays of political affiliations, to win favours, by senior officials have been on the
rise. Most senior managers are less concerned with the organisation’s service delivery and
more about appeasing the ministers and prime minister or the chief executive, as the case
may be. The customer is the least empowered and he/she does not figure high in the
priorities of senior management who consider it an issue to be ‘sorted’ out by the minions.
At no level is he held responsible for failure in this area. So weakened have the senior
managers become because of alienation from service delivery that they themselves at times
are at the ‘mercy’ of crafty subordinates who monopolise knowledge of rules and
regulations.
 • 3.4 absence of modern management accountability techniques
• At present, there is an absence of modern management accountability techniques. There are no

•
•
The performance evaluation system, .
output-oriented job descriptions linked to institutional outputs.

which should be the first building block increating a results-oriented and accountable institutional
culture, does not operate
• effectively. With no job descriptions, there is nothing to compare performance
• against. There are no performance evaluation criteria for each post, thus the
• process is largely subjective. No targets are set in advance against which an
• employee’s performance can be objectively measured. Furthermore, the system
• is not transparent, being confidential.

• It is also widely reported that personal

• relationships get in the way of objective assessment and feedback. Furthermore,
• there is little sense that officials’ remuneration or continuance in post should
• depend on the performance evaluation. This accountability mechanism exists in
• name only. Senior officers who have given adverse reports have been known to
• be dragged into courts or harassed through fictitious complaints. The other important
• factor is that the report is not written on time. On most occasions they are written
• years later (even after the reporting officer has retired). This removes objectivity
• and clarity from the report.

• 3.5 Foreign debts increase corruption

 3.6. Political will
• Though the governments have made efforts
for handling the corruption like Pakistan penal
code of 1960, the prevention of corruption Act
of 1947, and the National Accountability
Ordinance 1999 , however, these efforts
remain elusive on the side of implementation
due to absence of a political will to carry out
this gigantic task.
 • 4.1 Poor performance of The public accountability bodies are the Auditor General’s (AG’s) Department, the
Public Accounts Committee (PAC) and the Ombudsman.
• These institutions should play a critical part in maintaining an environment of robust public sector

.
accountability by representing the concerns of the people. Such representative institutions are particularly
critical in the context of low social empowerment. However, Pakistan’s public accountability bodies have been
unable to fulfill their potential, and have not acted as an effective check on corruption The AG’s Department
stands at the pinnacle of the financial accountability pyramid, by reporting to the legislature on the
government’s stewardship of public funds
• and assets. However, the ability of the AG’s Department to act as a watchdog
• over financial integrity and to detect individual cases of corruption has been
• undermined by a number of factors:-
• First, the AG’s Department has lacked modern methodologies to uncover corruption.
• the technical proficiency of auditors has been variable, but low overall,
• particularly in areas where specialist expertise is required to uncover corruption,
• for example in construction, as well as in auditing techniques. The Audit and
• Accounts Training Institute was not able to offer a high standard of training due
• to lack of resources.

• Public Accounts Committee (PAC) refers to a committee in the legislature that must study public audits, invite
ministers, permanent secretaries or other ministry officials to the committee for questioning, and issue a
report of their findings subsequent to a government budget audit.

• The Ombudsman’s role is to check maladministration, in order to provide relief

• and redressal for public complaints. The Ombudsman currently exists at the Federal
• and provincial levels, and will be formed at the district level under the Devolution
• Plan. However, the Ombudsman, is generally held to be insufficiently effective, mainly
• due to limited institutional capacity. There is no centralised database or networking
• between Ombudsman’s offices which leads to delays, duplications, contradictions
• etc. Adequate training facilities are not available to the officers/ staff of the
• ombudsman. There is no defined time frame for disposal of representations against
• Ombudsman’s findings, which negates the principle of speedy justice.
 • 4.2 a number of weaknesses within the overall anti-corruption legal and
institutional framework:
• Anticorruption agencies Pakistan has two anti-corruption agencies (ACAs) at the
federal and four at the .
• provincial level, three laws and three sets of courts. The organisations are: Federal
• Investigation Agency (FIA), National Accountability Bureau (NAB), both at the
• Federal level and Anti Corruption Establishments (ACEs) at the provincial level.
• The laws are the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) 1860 (sections 160-165), Prevention
• of Corruption Act (PCA) 1947 and the NAB Ordinance 1999. The courts are the
• Accountability Courts set up under the NAB Ordinance and the Central and
Provincial
• Special Courts established under the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1958.
• There are a number of weaknesses within the overall anti-corruption legal and
institutional framework:
• •
• the current anti corruption structure is the result of decisions taken on the
• basis of exigency rather than considered policy making. Therefore
• it is riddled with issues of unsustainable overlap and inconsistencies,
• Particularly between NAB and FIA;
• •
• the system is entirely enforcement focused;
• •no agency has responsibility for anti-corruption awareness and prevention.
• 5. Lackluster role of civil society
• Lack of communication and trust between the citizens
and specialized agencies that combat corruption is
another cause of prevailing corruption. Citizens with
no political background usually don’t report their bad
experiences due to Police corruption and also because
they are aware that no action will be taken. In 2005, a
23-year-old girl reported that Police kept her in custody
and raped her just to take revenge for revealing their
corruption. An investigation was also ordered by
Shaukat Aziz, then the Prime Minister. However, the
personnel were never charged.
 Effects
• The existence of corruption weakened the
very foundation of society and country.The
chairman of Transparency International,
Pakistan, Syed AdilGilani, said “Corruption is
the root cause of poverty, illiteracy, terrorism,
shortage of electricity, food, etc. and lack of
governance in Pakistan.”
Solutions
 solution
• The corruption is perceived as universal. It
exists in all countries i.e. developed and
developing, in all sectors i.e. public and
private, autonomous or semi-autonomous as
well as in non-profit and charitable
organization, however, it varies in magnitude
and frequency. In some countries it is infused
in lesser scale than the other countries.
 Political will
• Though the governments have made efforts for handling the corruption like Pakistan penal code of
1960, the prevention of corruption Act of 1947, and the National Accountability Ordinance 1999 ,
however, these efforts remain elusive on the side of implementation due to absence of a political
will to carry out this gigantic task.
• First, almost all successful strategies on fighting corruption around the world have used ‘political
will’ as the first ingredient in the preparation of anti-corruption recipes.
• There is the need for a clear road map to fight the menace. Such a road map would ensure that the
government and its ministries include anti-corruption strategies in their long-term plans.
• In 1921 the former Punjab Government set up a Committee to examine
• the forms of corruption, the conditions under which it flourished and the need for
• reform and other remedies. Recommendations were made in respect of individual
• departments but nothing tangible happened by way of their implementation.
• various anti-corruption drives and initiatives failed for two reasons.
• The
• Political Will and capacity
• to tackle the problem have been lacking within
• the political elite. And, all previous commissions and reports merely put on paper
• their findings and views together with a set of recommendations on what they
• believed should be done to address the issues. No way forward for implementation
• was designed, thus they remained just recommendations.
Bringing reforms in police department
• according to a National Corruption Perception Survey, carried out by
Transparency International Pakistan (TIP), the police department has
persistently performed negatively.
• The process of reforms in the police department (as well as in all other
public departments) should begin with an understanding of the corruption
formula C=M+D-A given by Prof Robert Klitgaard. ‘C’ in the formula stands
for corruption, ‘M’ is for monopoly, ‘D’ is for discretion and ‘A’ stands for
accountability.
• According to Klitgaard, conferring absolute authority on an officer,
imbalance between powers and salary and the absence of accountability
mechanisms lead to corruption.
• Hence, creating a balance between salaries and powers, curtailing
monopolistic powers and installing a monitoring mechanism to check
discretionary powers would be the right beginning for police reforms.
•
There is a need to examine and borrow successful anti-
corruption strategies from other Asian countries
• the National Accountability Bureau seems to present itself as a special candidate
for restructuring. The incumbent government needs to examine and borrow
successful anti-corruption strategies from other Asian countries.
• The history of NAB is not very different from that of the Corrupt Practices
Investigation Board — the anti-corruption agency of Singapore. But reforms in the
CPIB resulted in Singapore turning out to be among the least corrupt countries in
the world.
• Contrary to the practice at NAB, the director of the CPIB reports to the prime
minister but to ensure transparency two independent committees review the
performance of the anti-corruption body periodically. Such a role can be assigned
either to the Supreme Court or the Public Accounts Committee.
• To ensure the impartiality of the chairman NAB and to reduce his arbitrary powers,
the government should constitute a board comprising a chairperson and four
deputy chairpersons, one from each province.
• A similar experiment by KPK — the anti-corruption agency in Indonesia that is led
by a five-person commissioners’ board — has been very successful. Contrary to the
current policing practices, introducing community-friendly anti-corruption policies
would win the goodwill of the public — a strategy successfully implemented by the
anti-corruption agency of Hong Kong.
 Focusing on a single anti-corruption agency
were more successful in fighting corruption
• places like Hong Kong, Singapore and Indonesia that focused on a
single anti-corruption agency were more successful in fighting
corruption than those countries that relied on a multiple-agency
model as in Pakistan.
• Consolidating all anti-corruption agencies into a meaningful single
agency would enhance efficacy. However, given the political and
bureaucratic hiccups, establishing a coordinating board seems to be
a practical option since half a dozen agencies are fighting corruption
in a defined or undefined way with overlapping mandates and
without any coordination mechanism amongst them.
• The establishment of an anti-corruption interagency coordination
board akin to the Corruption Interagency Coordination Council of
Georgia, comprising all the heads of anti-corruption agencies/
wings in Pakistan with rotational chairmanship would enhance the
operational efficiency of these agencies.
 National accountability agencies should
avoid political victimization.
• The Ehtesab Bureau was
• established in 1997, supplementing the Ehtesab Commission created in 1996. The
• Bureau assumed responsibilities for investigation while the Commission was given
• the task of prosecution. However, despite being backed by a strong law, the
• organisation failed because of its misuse for political victimisation. The Ehtesab
• Act of 1997 thus lost public credibility because its focus was seen as exclusively
• on leading political opponents. The Ehtesab Bureau wasted the opportunity to
• construct a sustainable and fair mechanism for rooting out high level corruption.
• The National Accountability Bureau (NAB) of the new government replaced the
• Ehtesab Bureau in November 1999. The Ehtesab Act was also replaced by the NAB
• Ordinance. So NAB should avoid otherwise it will loose its effectiveness soon.
 Nab should be reformed
• Abolishing voluntary return
• a) Establishment of a public procurement regulatory authority
• On the recommendation of WB and TI, in June 2002, the PPRA was
.
promulgated by the President for regulating procurement of goods, services
and works in the public sector . The PPRA, which comprises the Secretary,
Finance Division (chair), and the Secretaries of Ministry of Industries and
Production, Defence Production Division, Ministry of Water and Power,
Ministry of Housing and Works, Ministry of Communications and three
members from private sector nominated by the Federal Government, can
take such measures and exercise such powers as may be necessary for
improving governance, management, transparency, accountability and
quality of public procurement of goods, services and works in the public
sector. It may monitor application of the laws and procedures; recommend
revisions in or formulation of new laws, rules and policies in respect of or
related to public procurement; make regulations and lay down codes of
ethics and procedures for public procurement, inspection or quality of
goods, services and works; monitor public procurement practices and make
recommendations to improve governance, transparency, accountability and
quality of public procurement; monitor overall performance of procuring
agencies and make recommendations for improvements in their
institutional set up and other.
•
• Some reports (such as NACS related sources) suggest that the agency,
however, has not been properly staffed and needs capacity building if it is to
perform the intended functions.
• Improving the role of civil society
• Lack of communication and trust between the citizens
and specialized agencies that combat corruption is
another cause of prevailing corruption. Citizens with
no political background usually don’t report their bad
experiences due to Police corruption and also because
they are aware that no action will be taken. In 2005, a
23-year-old girl reported that Police kept her in custody
and raped her just to take revenge for revealing their
corruption. An investigation was also ordered by
Shaukat Aziz, then the Prime Minister. However, the
personnel were never charged.
 • Elimination of Corruption should be the Top Priority of the Government :
• An independent anti- corruption commission should be established , headed by the Chief Justice of Pakistan
with full contempt of court power and a large investigating staff directly under him . The government should

•
involvement in the function of the commission . .
pass necessary legislation for such a commission . Moreover , the legislation must prohibit any political

•
• To begin the process of elimination of corruption , key political personalities of the Federal Government as
well as of all provincial governments need to straighten up their own acts . As a token of their firm resolution
to check corruption , they should solemnly pledge that offer of millions of rupees will never allure them .
•
• The process of enforcing accountability must be decentralized and spread through the institutional spectrum
. Without the right person in job , desired objectives cannot be achieved . So , if honestly be the objective in
making senior bureaucratic appointments , the primary criterion should be the personal integrity and
honesty .
• Corruption stems from the exercise of power and is a continuing phenomenon . Hence , an incessant ,
effective and institutionalized accountability process must always shadow those who have power . Ans if the
corruption crusade finds any chance of success , the government must establish its credentials as the
promoter of honesty .
•
• Process of accountability should be initiated from the top , corrupt officials should not only be dismissed but
also be imprisoned and deprived of their properties by confiscation . Currupt politicians should not only be
imprisoned and their properties be confiscated .
•
• The emphasis of the corruption elimination must remain cleansing the bureaucracy to establish it as a
bulwark against political corruption .
•
•
• The government must progress beyond arrests and allegations . The trials must begin
without any delay and charges must be proved in courts of law . Tricksters , tax dodgers

•
.
and loan defaulters must be hounded and sent out jail as quickly as possible .

• The outcome of the battle against corruption lies with a basic transformation of
bureaucratic culture and sweeping changes in rules and procedures .
•
• The present political system based and entrenched on feudalism will have to be completely
demolished . Certainly , sovereignty and freedom of people of Pakistan have been taken
away by this class in the name of fake and free democracy where people have nominal role
. Concisely , the real solution is true and real democracy , decentralization of power , more
autonomy and maximum participation of the masses through honest political institutions .
•
• The awareness in the general public and emergence of a strong civil society , vociferous
media and a newly independent judiciary all by themselves stand as a guarantee to the
success of any future programme of accountability.
• Conclusion :
• Corruption in Pakistan can ce controlled or eliminated through the presence of a strong
and efficient monitor or a monitoring process , unfortunately , in Pakistan we lacked the
accountability and answerability both from the public servants and the politicians .
•
• There could be no other ways , if we want to eradicate and eliminate the corruption from
our beloved country , to keep it on the main agenda and adopt it as the top priority of
every government . If the government is fair is exercising its power and authority ,
corruption can be eliminated from Pakistan .