Types of Distribution

 Exponential Distribution

 Weibull Distribution

 Normal Distribution

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 Exponential Distribution

 Exponential distribution is used to model the behavior of units

which is having constant failure rate.

Reliability

Availability Queuing theory

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 Exponential Distribution

The Important property of exponential distribution is that, it is

memory less

The memory less property indicates that, remaining life of

component is independent of its current age .

More likely to fail

(Not Memory less)

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 1- parameter exponential distribution
Scale parameter

2- parameter exponential distribution

Scale parameter

4 Threshold parameter
Probability density function is expressed by

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 Weibull Distribution

 It is used to model the time-to-failure-data

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 Weibull Distribution

 Weibull distribution is described by its Shape, Scale & Threshold

parameters.

 The probability density function of weibull distribution is expressed

by the below formula

Where,
α = shape parameter
θ = scale parameter

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 Weibull Distribution

Effect of shape parameter

 The shape parameter α , is also known as weibull slope

 If α = 3 approximates a normal curve

 If α = 1.5 it gives right skewed curve

 If α = 10 it gives left skewed curve

α=3 α = 1.5 α = 10

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 Problem on Weibull Distribution

A non repairable item exhibits weibul distribution, its

characteristic life of 1500hrs, the shape parameter is 0.75, what %
of devices should we expect to fail by 1000hrs?

Here, x/t=1000 hrs

α = 0.75
θ = 1500 hrs

i.e, 52% devices will fail by 1000hrs

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 Normal Distribution

 It is one of the most widely used distribution in mechanical

reliability

 It is used to represent items stress & strength

The probability density function for normal distribution is given

by

Where,
μ = mean
σ = standard deviation

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 Common reliability networks

 Components of a mechanical system can form following

configuration
• Series
• Parallel
• Series-parallel
• Parallel-series
• k out of m
• Standby
• Bridge

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 Series networks

 Each block represents system units or components.

 In this network, all series units should work normally, for the
system to succeed.

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 Parallel networks

 In this configuration if any one of the unit works normally, then

the system succeeds

This configuration is used to improve mechanical system

reliability during design phase.

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 Series- parallel networks

 The block diagram represents, the ‘m’ No. of sub-system are

connected in series.

 In turn each sub-system contains ‘n’ No. of active units in

parallel.

 System to succeed, each sub-system to work normally

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 Parallel - series networks

 The block diagram represents, the ‘m’ No. of sub-system are

connected in parallel.

 In turn each sub-system contains ‘n’ No. of active units in

series.

If any one of the sub-system work normally, then the system
succeeds .

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 K out of m unit networks

 It is also known as partial redundant network

 It is a parallel network with a condition that, at least k units

out of m units should work normally for the system t o succeed

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 Standby System

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 Design Reliability & Allocation method

Following are the different types of design reliability &

allocation method:

1. Failure rate allocation method

2. Hybrid reliability allocation method
3. Safety factor & safety margin
4. Stress-strength interference theory method
5. Failure mode effect Analysis
6. Fault tree analysis

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 FMEA

 It is the step by step procedure for a systematic evaluation of

potential failure in a system

 The objective of FMEA is to identify where modification in

design, maintenance or inspection strategies required to reduce
the severity of specific failure

The procedure for conducting different type of FMEA is

described in MIL-STD 1629A.

 The functional FMEA is normally used for complex system in a

top-down approach.

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 Procedure for performing FMEA

 Define the system to be analyzed & its required reliability

performance.

 Construct the functional & reliability block diagram, to illustrate

how the different sub-system & components are interconnected.

 Note down the assumption that will be made in the analysis.

 List the components, identify their failure modes by using FMD

library.

 Complete the FMEA worksheet.

 Enter the appropriate severity ranking & failure rates in FMEA

worksheet.

Review the worksheet to identify reliability critical component.

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 FTA

 FTA was first introduced by bell laboratories.

Fault tree analysis is a top down approach

 In FTA, the system is analyzed by using Boolean logic.

FTA is used in aerospace, nuclear power, chemical, petro-

chemical industries and other high hazard industries.

 The objective of FTA is to identify the potential failure of the

system & it is taken as top event.

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 FTA construction

 Define the fault condition, and write down the top level failure.

 Using technical & professional judgment, determine the

possible reason of failures.

Continue to break down each element with additional gates to

lower level

Consider the relationship between the elements to decide

whether to choose AND/ OR gate.

Finalize and review the diagram.

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