Road Development in India

Dr. K.V.R. Ravi Shankar

NIT Warangal
 Contents
• Modal Share
• Functions of Highways
• Road Development Plans
• NHDP
• PMSGY
• Research Directions
• Challenges

2 January 2020 2
 Shift in the Modal Shares
Year Rail Based Road Based
Freight Passenger Freight Passenger

1950-51 86.2% 74.3% 13.8% 25.7%

2011- 35.5% 14.1% 64.5% 85.9%

2012

Source: data.gov.in
 Share of Different Modes to GDP

2 January 2020 4
 Functions of the Highways

Primary

M
O
B
I Secondary
L
I
T
Y

Tertiary

ACCESSIBILITY

Relationship of functionally classified highways

to mobility and land access.
 Functional Classifications of Highways
in India

o Primary Roads
- Expressways
- National Highways (NH)
o Secondary Roads
- State Highways (SH)
- Major District Roads (MDR)
o Tertiary Roads
- Other District Roads (ODR) Rural Roads
- Village Roads (VR)
 Targets of Road Development Plan
Name of the Basis of fixation Assessed Target for over
 Plan of targets Targets all road density
km
Nagpur Plan Length of ODRs + 332,335 km 32 km per 100
VRs is assessed
(1943-61) based on number of
sq. km
villages with
population 500 and
less, 501-1000,
1001-2000 and
2001-5000.
Bombay Plan The length is based 651,780 km 46 km per 100
on the number of
(1961-81) villages with
sq. km
population less than
500, 500-1000,
1000-2000 and
2000-5000
Lucknow Plan The length is 2,189,000 km 82 km per 100
assessed based on
(1981-01) number of villages
sq km
2 January 2020 and towns.
7
 Achievements of Highways in India
Length in km

Road Category 2015

National 97991
Highways (115435, 2017)
State Highways 167109 Road Density:
Rural 1.42 km/sq. km
2437255/606212
Roads/PMGSY
Urban Roads 467106
Other/Project
1402683
Roads
Total 5472144
2 January 2020
Source: NHAI and data.gov.in 8
 Deficiencies
• More than 40% of villages are yet to be
provided with all-weather roads
• Out of a total of 182,000km of main roads
(NH+SH) – only 1% is four lane and 34% is two
lane. 65% of these roads is single lane
• Commercial vehicles are able to do only 250-
300km a day as compared to 500-600km in
developed countries

2 January 2020 9
 Road Development Plan Vision 2021
• The transport demand for both freight and
passenger will witness an increase of over five
times by the year 2021.
• Expressways – 10,000km
• NHs
– Min of 2 lane CW with hard shoulders
– Half the network should have 4/6 lanes
– Construction of bypasses, railway over bridges

2 January 2020 10
 Road Development Plan Vision 2021
• SHs – Targeted Length 160,000km
• MDRs – Targeted Length 320,000km
• 10,000km of SHs – 4 laning
• All SHs and 40% of MDRs should have a
minimum of 2 lane CW
• The concept of performance indicators and
levels of quality for maintenance standards
are being stipulated in terms of comfort,
convenience and safety to road users.
2 January 2020 11
 Road Development Plan Vision 2021
• Gang labour system should be replaced
gradually with mobile maintenance units and
repair operations should be mechanised.
• Construction Technology:
– Stabilised soil sub-bases and bases
– Fly ash for embankment
– Reinforced earth walls
– Geotextiles, geogrids, etc.
– Continuously reinforced concrete pavements
– Machineray oriented road maintenance

2 January 2020 12
Road Development Plan – Vision 2021:
Thrust Areas for Research
• Evolving methodology for pavement design
• Refining methodology for evaluation of
Pavement performance
• Enhancing the use of waste materials and new
additives to improve performance
• Highway cost allocation study
• Guidelines for provision of interchanges on
intercity roads and in urban areas
2 January 2020 13
 NATIONAL ROAD TRANSPORT POLICY
• Overloading: the Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF) on
most of the National Highways is in the range of
10 to 12 for Northern India and 7 to 8 for the
Southern part of the country. These values are
more than the VDF of 4.5.
• Overloading adversely affects the pavement life,
accelerates deterioration of pavement structure
and also results in safety hazards.
• In order to contain the overloading prevailing VDF
levels need to be brought down from 7 to 12 to
4.5 by the end of 11th FY Plan.

2 January 2020 14
NATIONAL HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

 Country’s most ambitious Highways

Development Project
 Highways with International Standard and
facilities for uninterrupted traffic flow
 Divided carriageways & Service roads
 Grade separators, over bridges & underpasses
 Bypasses
 Wayside amenities
 Enhanced safety features
2 January 2020 15
 NHDP
• NHDP I: Four-laning of the Golden Quadrilateral (5,952
km)
• NHDP II: Four-laning of NS-EW Corridors (7,300km)
• NHDP III: Four-laning of 10,000 km of high density
national highways, through BOT mode
• NHDP IV: Up gradation of 20,000 km of NHs into two-lanes
• NHDP V: Six-laning of 6,500 km of the Golden
Quadrilateral and selected national highways
• NHDP VI: Development of 1000 km of expressways
• NHDP VII: Other Highway Projects - development of ring
roads, bypasses, grade separators and service roads
2 January 2020 16
 Progress of NHDP

2 January 2020 17
2 January 2020 18
2 January 2020 19
 Bharatmala

• 24,800 km of national highway development by 2021-22

• Start in Gujarat and Rajasthan, followed by Punjab and subsequently traversing the
Himalayan belt through Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, parts of
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur (next to
the Indo-Burmese border) and then to Mizoram.

• Land acquisition is seen to be the biggest hurdle to road development

2 January 2020 20
 Present Status
• India has the second largest road network in
the world totaling 4.2 million kms.

• NHs – 71,772km – 1.7% length - 40% traffic

– 24% length 4 lane & above; 52% length 2 lane;
24% length single lane and Intermediate lane

2 January 2020 21
 An Approach to 12th FYP
• Setting up of National Expressway Authority: A master
plan for 18,637 kilometres of Expressways, with new
alignments for both passenger and freight movements
in high traffic density corridors based on ‘access control
toll’ needs to be taken up. These roads will be either
four or six lane.
• The single–lane NHs (20,000km) would have to be
upgraded and augmented to two-lane standards.
• Universalisation of rural connectivity be completed
during the next Plan (habitations with population up to
100 would need to be connected).

2 January 2020 22
 WG on Road Transport - 12th FYP
• Road transport has emerged as the dominant
segment in India’s transportation sector with a
share of 4.7% in India’s GDP in comparison to
railways that has a mere 1% share in 2009-10.

2 January 2020 23
 WG on Road Transport - 12th FYP

2 January 2020 24
 WG on Road Transport - 12th FYP
• ITS
• Road Accident Data Management System (RADMS)
• Weigh-in-motion (along with Automatic Vehicles
Identification)
• Introduce electronic toll collection (ETC) system
• Intermodal integration
• Scientific assessment of passenger and goods travel
demand
• More Expressways be planned rather than upgrading
existing 4- lane highways.

2 January 2020 25
 WG on Central Roads Sector – 12FYP, MORTH
• NHs Target – 85,000km
• The ongoing phases of NHDP-I, II, III and V
involving upgradation to 4 or more lanes of
about 32,750 km including overlapping length
of about 5,850 km under GQ and NHDP-V),
are required to be completed in a time bound
manner within 12th Five Year Plan.
• Fund required – Rs. 3,23,774 crore

2 January 2020 26
 WG on Central Roads Sector – 12FYP, MORTH
• Expressways (other than under NHDP VI) –
500km
• Non-NHDP NHs
– Two laning: 9,220km
– Four laning / Six laning: Existing 2-lane NHs are to
be developed to 4-lane divided carriageway
facilities or more as per necessity

2 January 2020 27
 NHAI – RIS Modules
• Locational Referencing System (LRS)
• Asset Management System (AMS)
• Pavement Management System (PMS)
• Environmental Management System (EMS)
• Traffic Management System (TMS)
• Accident Management System (ACMS)
• Bridge Management System (BMS)
• Toll Management System (TOMS)
• Document Management System (DMS)
• Performance Monitoring System (PMTS)

2 January 2020 28
 MoRT&H: National Expressway Network
• Recommended ITS Technologies:
– Sensors & Live Cameras; Cellular Phones
– Variable Message Signs (VMS)
– Highway Advisory Radio
– Weather Monitoring
– On board or off board navigation devices
– Automated Accident Prevention Mechanism

2 January 2020 29
 Status of Rural Roads in India
 India has a Rural Road Network of about 3.30 Million km with
Rs.35,000 Crore investment (Rs. 1,80,000 Crore of replacement value).
 Constitutes over 80% of Total Road Network.
 More than 10, 00,000 Km are tracks and roads not meeting Technical
Standard.
 Rural Roads Sector suffered from lack of systematic Planning, Quality
and Sustained Maintenance.
 It was a Myth that Rural Roads do not require Planning/ Design/
Quality Assurance.
 About 45% of the Habitations still to have All-Weather Road
connectivity at the beginning of PMGSY Programme.
 Decisions on construction were adhoc and not need based.
 Multiple agencies involved in the development of Rural Roads.
 Technical standards and quality assurance was lacking.
 Concentrated more on employment generation.
 Connectivity Assessment by NRRDC
Population Total Connected as on Unconnected*
Range
31.3.95 31.3.96 31.3.2000*

1000 and 129652 109739 111003 115800 13852

above

Below 1000 459465 173837 175637* 182837 276628

589117 233576 286640* 298637 290480

 Correlation between Poverty and Rural Connectivity.
An investment of Rs 10 million in roads lifts 1650 poor persons
above the poverty line.
 Visible Benefits of Rural Roads
 Easy and assured access during all seasons to the economic,
social and administrative infrastructure.
 Increase in availability of transport services for men and
material.
 Increase in availability of quality inputs to agriculture.
 Increase in Agricultural/ Horticultural/Forest produce and
increase in its diversity
 Improved equity in land holdings.
 Increase in the population and productivity of livestock.
 Increase in production and sales of Animal products.
 Increase in marketable surplus of the villages.
 Increase in trade
 Increase in sale of marketable surplus.
 RURAL ROADS
•Other District Roads and Villages roads
•Only 50 percent of habitations are provided with
all-weather roads
•Massive rural road programme under PMGSY
 Aim to connect all the habitations with 500 and
above by the year 2007 with all-weather roads.
 Separate fund has been created by allocating 50 %
of cess on diesel (Dedicated Fund)

2 January 2020 34
 Major Recommendations of NRRDC
 Provision of connectivity to all habitations of 500 and
above by All Weather Roads.
 Clear definition for All Weather Roads.
 Provision of thin bituminous surface to the rural
roads.
 Keeping the minimum width of rural roads to the 3.7
m and formation to 7.5 m to facilitate speedy and
safe travel.
 Construction of CD Works as an integral part of the
Rural Roads.
 Provision of need based crust in different
topographical sub- soil and rainfall conditions.
 Major Recommendations of NRRDC
(Cont..)
 Treating drainage as an important aspect for
durability of rural roads.
 Plantation of trees along the edge of the roads
constructed.
 Giving special treatment to terminal points
 Adopting cost saving technologies, where
feasible.
 Upgradation of the existing roads, where
necessary.
 PMGSY
Rural Roads With Specifications
CARRIAGEWAY WIDTH 3.75 m
FORMATION WIDTH 7.50 m
LAND WIDTH 12.00 m

2 January 2020 37
 TECHNICAL INPUTS
 THE PROGRAMME (PMGSY) IS DESIGNED WITH REQUIRED
TECHNICAL INPUTS
 CONCEPT OF THE STATES ABOUT RURAL ROAD IS CHANGED
 RURAL ROAD IS ENGINEERING STRUCTURE
 IT IS TO BE DESIGNED FOR TRAFFIC AND SOIL
STRENGTH
 PROJECT BASED PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION FOR
REALISTIC OUTPUT

 UNIFORM STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATION ADOPTED FROM

INDIAN ROAD CONGRESS

 ONLY ALL-WEATHER ROADS TO BE BUILT

2 January 2020 38
 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
 Good and properly evaluated materials
conforming to respective IRC or BIS
specifications shall be used
 Use of waste materials e.g. fly ash,
slag, sludge etc. to be explored,
maintaining requirements of design &
performance
 Special efforts to be made for use of
locally available materials without
compromising quality
2 January 2020 39
 LOCAL & WASTE MATERIALS
Kankar U.P., Rajasthan
Dhandla Part of Rajasthan
Gravel NE,J&K,Himachal, Punjab, Bihar,
MP, Orissa,Gujarat, Maharashtra
& Tamilnadu
Laterite Parts of NE, Maharashtra, AP, TN,
Karnataka, & Kerala
Moorum MP,Orissa, Maharashtra, AP,
Karnataka &TN
Fly ash In vicinity of Thermal Power
plants
Slag In vicinity of Steel plants
Marble
2 January 2020
waste Rajasthan, Gujarat etc. 40
 Overall Targets for the 11th FYP.
 No. of Habitations
to be connected : 78304

 Length for New Connectivity : 165,244 km

 Length of Upgradation
(funded under PMGSY) : 115,478 km

 Length for Renewal

(to be borne by the States) : 76,986 km
 Funding required for 11th FYP.
For New Connectivity

165,244 km at 30 Lakhs / km. - Rs. 49,573 Cr.

For Upgradation

115,478 km at 25 lakhs / km - Rs. 28,869 Cr.

Total for Construction - Rs. 78,442 Cr.

The total cost of New Construction and Upgradation of the roads funded under
PMGSY is Rs. 119,830 Cr.

Cost of Maintenance @ Rs. 1 Lakh/km/

Year with routine maintenance and
6 year renewal cycle for PMGSY roads. - Rs. 5,374 Cr.

Expected Average Maintenance cost/year for the

Total Rural Roads in the Core Network - Rs. 14,000 Cr.
 Balance of work for the 12th FYP
 No. of Habitations
to be connected : 51,999

 Length for New Connectivity : 104,601km

 Length of Upgradation
(funded under PMGSY) : 57,957 km

 Length for Renewal

(to be borne by the States) : 38,638 km
Rural Road Development Plan: Vision 2025
• New Connectivity has been recommended for
– Habitations with population above 1000 by the year
2009-10
– Habitations with population above 500 by the year
2014-15
– Habitations with population above 250 by the year
2021-22
• Black-topping of rural roads may be restricted to
ODRs and VRs that link villages with population
above 1000. Gravel roads may be provided for all
other cases

2 January 2020 44
 Total Rural Connectivity Needs
PMGSY Balance Requirements Total
(Beyond PMGSY)
Length Cost Length Cost Length Cost
(Km) (Rs. Million) (Km) (Rs. Million) (Km) (Rs. Million)

New 242,017 565,044 310,000 552,000 552,017 1117,044

Construction

Upgrading 307,435 425,592 700,000 1750,000 1007,435 2175,592

Total 549,452 990,636 1010,000 2302,000 1559,452 3292,636

2 January 2020 45
 Combined Phasing of Investments
(Rs million)
PMGSY Beyond PMGSY Total of new construction +
upgrading
Average
Period NC UPG NC UPG PMGSY Beyond Total investments
PMGSY per year
2006-07 4,800 3,000 - - 7,800 - 7,800 -

2007-12 240,000 70,000 50,000 15,000 310,00 65,000 375,000 75,000

2012-17 320,244 140,000 102,000 37,500 460,244 139,500 599,744 120,000

2017-22 - 212,592 400,000 150,000 212,592 550,000 762,592 152,000

2022-25 - - - 547,500 - 547,500 547,500 182,000

Total 565,044 425,592 552,000 750,000 990,636 1302,000 2292,636

2 January 2020 46
 Rural Road Development Plan: Vision 2025
R&D – Thrust Areas
• Critical appraisal of design and construction practices
for low volume roads
• Review of existing geometric design standards
• Developing stabilisation techniques for improving
performance of locally available softer materials
• Evolving suitable and economical ‘performance-
Based’ pavement designs for LVR
• Encouraging the use of cold mix technology and
emulsions

2 January 2020 47
 Urbanisation Trends in India
• Urban Population
– 1901 – 10% of the total population
– 2001 – 28% of the 100 crores population
– 2025 – 40% of the 140 crores population
• 70% of Urban Population in Class I cities
• 38% of Urban Population in 35 Metropolitan
cities

2 January 2020 48
 URBAN ROADS
•30 % of the 100 crore population lives in urban
areas expected to grow 40 % of 140 crores in
2025
•Severe pressure on the existing 2 lakh km of
Urban Roads
•Need for augmentation of quality, capacity
through construction of flyovers and
underpasses, etc.

2 January 2020 49
 Road Space in Metropolitan Cities

• Developed countries – 25% of total area

• India – 15% of total area
– 2 lakh km of road length in Urban areas

2 January 2020 50
 India – Urban Transport

2 January 2020 51
 India – Urban Transport

2 January 2020 52
Study Group on Alternative Systems of
Urban Transport
City Size in millions Recommended Share
of Mass Transit
>0.5 & <1.0 30%
1.0 35%+
1.5 40%+
3.0 50%+
6.0 70%+
9.0 & above 75%+
2 January 2020 53
 Road Development Plan – Vision 2021
Urban Transport System

• Preparation of Integrated Landuse – Transport

plan
• Strengthening of Public Transport System
• Provision of non-motorised transport
• Traffic management measures
• Intelligent Transport Systems

2 January 2020 54
 National Urban Transport Policy
• Integrating Land use and Transport Planning
• Priority to the use of Public Transport
• Integrated multi-modal public transport systems
• Priority for non-motorised transport
• Use of cleaner technologies / reducing pollution
• Equitable allocation of road space
• ITS for Traffic Management
• Enhancing Road safety

2 January 2020 55
 JNNURM - BRTS Projects
• Andhra Pradesh: Hyderabad, Vijayawada &
Visakhapatnam
• Gujarat: Ahmedabad, Surat, Rajkot
• Madhya Pradesh: Bhopal, Indore
• Maharashtra: Pune
• Rajasthan: Jaipur
• West Bengal: Kolkata
(Promotion of ITS and TICs/TMCs)

2 January 2020 56
2 January 2020 57
 VEHICLE OPERATING COSTS

2.00

VOC per vehicle-km 1.80

1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
2 6 9 13 16 20

Roughness (IRI)
Car Truck Articulated Truck

2 January 2020 58
 REDUCTION IN VOC DUE TO ROAD SURFACE
IMPROVEMENTS ON ROADS OF DIFFERENT
WIDTHS
VEHICL VOC CONSIDERING FUEL, TYRES AND SPARES, RS.
E TYPE
SINGLE LANE INTERMEDIATE TWO LANE
UI=8000 UI=3000 UI=8000 UI=3000 UI=8000 UI=3000
mm/km mm/km mm/km mm/km mm/km mm/km

Bus 5.18 4.84 5.10 4.78 3.78 3.64

Truck 6.78 6.04 5.93 5.48 4.01 3.87
MAV 15.81 14.46 14.39 13.52 11.00 10.67
Jeep & 3.47 2.87 3.22 2.71 2.55 2.18
Maxi Cab
Car 3.99 2.81 2.98 2.79 2.81 2.70
T/W 1.27 0.97 1.01 0.96 0.98 0.94
A/R 2.02 1.56 1.65 1.34 1.25 1.04
2 January 2020 59
 PERCENTAGE SAVING IN VOC DUE TO ROAD
IMPROVEMENT VIZ., UI 8000 TO 3000 MM/KM
AND WIDENING OF CARRIAGEWAY
VEHICLE CLASS PERCENTAGE SAVING IN VOC DUE TO ROAD
IMPROVEMENT
Single, UI = 8000 Single, UI = 8000
Single, UI = 3000 Two lane, UI = 3000
Bus 6.56 29.73
Truck 10.91 42.92
MAV 8.54 32.51
Maxi Cab/ Jeep 17.29 37.18
Car 29.70 32.46
Two-Wheeler 23.62 25.98
Auto-rickshaw 22.77 48.51

2 January 2020 60
 Corridor Management
• Highway Infrastructure Management
• Highway Operation and Provision of
Services
• Land Management
• Third Party issues

61January 2020
2
 Advanced Traveller
Advanced Traffic
Information Systems
Management
(ATIS)
Systems (ATMS)

Advanced Rural Intelligent Commercial Vehicle

Transportation Transportation Operations (CVO)
Systems (ARTS) Systems (ITS)

Advanced Public Advanced Vehicle

Transportation Electronic Toll Control Systems (AVCS)
Systems (APTS) Collection & Safety
(ETC & S)

Functional Areas of ITS Identified by ITS America

2 January 2020 62
2 January 2020 63
EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES
 Economic evaluation
 Technical evaluation
 Institutional evaluation
 Financial evaluation
 Commercial evaluation
 Social evaluation
 Environmental evaluation

2 January 2020 64
 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Assess Capacity of Existing Roads and Effect

of Capacity on VOC
Quantify Benefits viz., due to Reduced
Congestion, Travel Distance, Road
Maintenance Cost Saving, Reduced Incidence
of Accidents
Estimate Economic Internal Rate of Return
Saving in Travel Time

2 January 2020 65
2 January 2020 66
2 January 2020 67
 Global Fatality Rates

2 January 2020 68
 Road Safety Audit

“A road safety audit can be defined as a

process consisting of a formal examination
of an existing or future roadway by an
independent team of qualified engineering,
enforcement, and human factors
professionals.”

2 January 2020 69
How does RSA fits in Planning ?
 Research Directions in Transportation
Engineering
• Attitudinal Studies
• Time Use Analysis & Activity Based Trips
• Highway Capacity Analysis
• Traffic Simulation
• Integration of GIS & Transportation
• Intelligent Transportation Systems
• Corridor Management & Pavement
Management
• Road Safety
• Low Volume Roads
2 January 2020 71
 CHALLENGES
 Asset Management – Preservation of the
Road Infrastructure Assets
 Optimal Design of Roads Considering Life
Cycle Cost Analysis
 Development of Highway Management
System
 Low Cost Construction Considering Locally
Available Materials
 Use of New and Innovative Materials to
Improve the Performance
 Use of Waste Materials to Improve the
Environment
 Recycling of Asphalt Pavements
 Training
2 January 2020 72
 Thank You
ravikvr@nitw.ac.in

2 January 2020 73