Cohesion, Adhesion, Surface Tension

• Cohesion: clinging of droplets together

• Adhesion: scattering of droplets
• Surface Tension: the force that enable to float on the surface of water
Solute/Solvent
• Solution: mixture in which substances are dissolved evenly
throughout
• Solute: materials that dissolves in water
• Solvent: liquid that enables the solute to dissolve
Freshwater/Saltwater
• Freshwater: less concentration of dissolved minerals than sea
water.(soft water)
• Seawater: storehouse of dissolved minerals (hardwater)
Inland Water
• Stream: consist of running water in a naturally formed channel which
begins in an elevated area and usually ends in the sea or a lake.
• Rivers: are permanent streams with flowing water throughout the
year.
• Rapid: a stream on a steep slope with fast flowing water.
• Waterfall: a stream dropping over a precipice or the vertical side of a
mountain.
• Lakes: are large bodies of standing water held in deepened areas of
land called basins.
• Ponds: are much smaller and shallower bodies of standing water than
lakes.
• Swamps: are generally wider than ponds or lakes (vegetation)
Water Pollutants
• Occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to the addition
of large amounts of waste matter.
Types of water pollutants:
a. point source: occur when harmful substances are
emitted directly into a body of water
b. nonpoint source: delivers pollutants indirectly through
environmental changes.

*municipal, * industrial, *agricultural

Organic Pollutants
• Compounds that contain the element carbon
Types

a. Hydrocarbon: (fuels,
b. polychlorobiphenyls: (stable and unreactive fluids)
c. Insecticides:
d. detergents: (eutrophications)
General Effects
• Toxic to genes( Genotoxicity) cause damage to DNA( GENOTOXINS)
• Induce Cancer: (Carcinogenity)
• Toxic to the nervous system(Neurotoxicity)
• Damage to the reproductive system
Removing Water Pollutants
• Stop throwing garbage
• Recycling
• Removal of suspended particles
• Aeration
• Flocculation
• Sedimentation
• Chlorination
• Distillation
• Ozonation