Digital subscriber line is a family of technologies

that are used to transmit digital data over

telephone lines.
DSL service can be delivered simultaneously
with wired telephone
service on the same
telephone line since it
uses higher frequency
bands for data.
The bit rate of consumer typically ranges from
256 kbit/s to over 100 Mbit/s (downstream),
depending on technology and conditions.
All Types of DSL falls into one of two basic
categories:

SYMMETRIC ASYMMETRIC
•SDSL •ADSL
•SHDSL •RADSL
•HDSL •VDSL
A symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL) is
a DSL line that transmits digital data over the
copper wires of the telephone network, where
the downstream bandwidth, from the network to
the subscriber, is identical to the bandwidth in
the upstream direction, from the subscriber to the
network.

•SDSL Modem
SDSL is a rate-adaptive digital subscriber line
(DSL) variant with T1/E1-like data rates (T1:
1.544 Mbit/s, E1: 2.048 Mbit/s). It runs over one
pair of copper wires, with a maximum range of
10,000 feet (3,000 m).
More specifically, SDSL can be understood as a
term for all DSL variant which offer symmetric
bandwidth, including IDSL, HDSL, HDSL2,
SHDSL,
It can also be considered as a DSL variant for
operation over a single pair of copper wires,
without support for analog calls on the same line
 High-bit-rate digital subscriber line (HDSL) is a
(DSL) technology to use a higher frequency
spectrum over copper, twisted pair cables.

•Twisted Pair Cables

HDSL was developed to transport services at
1.544 Mbit/s and 2.048 Mbit/s over telephone
local loops without a need for repeaters.
This American variant uses two wire pairs with at
a rate of 784 kbit/s each, using the 2B1Q line code.

•HDSL Architecture •HDSL Modem

 Abbreviated as Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Link
 Asymmetric communication technology designed
for residential users
 First technology of DSL
 Asymmetric data rates as 56K modem.
 Provides higher speed in downstream direction than
in upstream direction
 ADSL divides the available bandwidth of local loop
unvenly for residential customers
 It uses existing telephone lines.
 Factors such as distance between residence and
switching office, the size of cable, signaling used,
and so on affect the bandwidth, so ADSL uses
adaptive tecnology that test the conditions and
bandwidth availability before setting data rates.
 Data rate is not fixed, it changed on the basis of
conditions and type of local loop cable.
 Not suitable for business customers who need a
large bandwidth in both directions
ADSL uses the existing telephone lines. The twisted-
pair cable used in telephone lines is actually capable of
handling bandwidths up to 1.1 MHz, but the filter
installed at the end office of the telephone company
where each local loop terminates limits the bandwidth to
4 kHz (sufficient for voice communication). If the filter
is removed the entire 1.1 MHz is available for data and
voice communications. In ADSL an available
bandwidth of 1.104 MHz is divided into a voice
channel, an upstream channel, and a downstream
channel.
ADSL uses 1,104 kHz band, divided into 256 channels
 Due to ADSL subscriber uses voice channel and
data channel at the same time.
 The data rate for the upstream can reach 1.44-Mbps
but due to high-level noise the data rate is normally
below 500 kbps in channel.
 The downstream data rate can reach 13.4 Mbps but
due to noise in channel the data rate is normally
below 8 Mbps.
 ADSL 2+ :
ADSL 2+ delivers download speeds of up to 20 Mbps
and upload speeds of up to 850 Kbps.
 ADSL Lite or G.Lite:

ADSL Lite offers slower speeds of up to 1 Mbps

downstream and 512 Kbps upstream.
 R-ADSL :

R-ADSL (rate-adaptive digital subscriber line) delivers

the same transmission rates as ADSL, but the
transmission speed can be adjusted by the modem.
VDSL
 Very high bit rate Digital Subscriber Link (VDSL) is a
DSL technology that provides a faster data transfer rate
than ADSL.
 It uses coaxial, fiber optic or twisted pair cable for
shortened distances
 It provides data rates of up to 52 Mbps for downstream
and 12 Mbps for upstream
 VDSL speeds vary depending on copper loop lengths,
Pair-bonding and other factors in a networking
environment
 Its architecture is based on two technologies, quarantine
amplitude modulation (QAM) and discrete multitone
modulation (DMT)
 VDSL connection is based on DMT architecture and
consists of 247 virtual channels, which populate the
available bandwidth.
 These fast speeds mean that VDSL is capable of
supporting high bandwidth applications such as
HDTV, as well as telephone services (Voice over IP)
and general Internet access, over a single
connection.
 Currently, the standard VDSL uses up to 7 different
frequency bands, which enables customization of
data rate between upstream and downstream
 Second-generation of VDSL, but runs on a different
frequency over 7 different bands to produce
extremely high bandwidth capabilities
 VDSL2 uses bandwidth of up to 30 MHz to provide
data rates exceeding 100 Mbit/s simultaneously in
both the upstream and downstream directions.
 The maximum available bit rate is achieved at a
range of about 300 meters
Cable television is a system of
delivering television programming to consumers
via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted
through coaxial cables.

•COAXIAL CABLES
 In areas where over-the-air TV reception was
limited by distance from transmitters or
mountainous terrain, large "community antennas"
were constructed, and cable was run from them to
individual homes.
Analog television was standard in the 20th
century, but since the 2000s, cable systems have
been upgraded to digital cable operation.

•DIGITAL CABLE