Chapter 7

MOTIVATION
 Chapter objectives:

• After completing the chapter, students will be able to

• Define motivation
• Explain Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Know the order of the needs.
• Understand how facial expressions can reflect and affect emotions.
What is motivation?
• Motivation is a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it
toward a goal.
• It refers to the purpose for or psychological cause of an action.
• It can’t be directly observed but it can only be inferred(conclude) by
noting a person’s behavior.
 Examples of motivation
• It is used to describe why a person does something.
• Ex: we get a glass of water for drinking to reduce thirst
• We read a book to gain knowledge
• We put efforts because we are motivated to learn
• Motivation is an internal force to achieve a goal
 Sources of Motivation
• 1. Biological factors - food, water, hunger and temperature
regulation
• 2. Emotional factors - panic, fear, anger, love, and hatred.
• 3. Cognitive factors - perceptions, beliefs, and expectations .
• 4. Social factors - parents, teachers, siblings, friends, and media
 Types of motivation

• Extrinsic motivation - is a motivation to take actions that lead to

reward.
• The pleasure is not directly received may lead to pleasure in the end.
• It is a motivation to act for external rewards or arise from outside of
the individual
• Ex: we work hard for money so we can pay our rent, and when
we take exams so we can get a college degree
we play the game so hard in order to win and get a trophy
• Intrinsic motivations - is a motivation to take actions that are
themselves rewarding. This arise from within the individual.
• Ex: When we eat a French fries because it tastes good
• Listen to music because it sounds good
• Doing a complicated cross-word puzzle purely for the personal
satisfaction
• Write poetry because they enjoy it.
 Theories of Motivation
•
• Instinct Theory - innate biological instincts guide behavior
• Instinct - refers to the inherent tendencies by an organism to engage in
certain unlearned patterns of behavior in response to a certain stimuli.
Ex: when a newborn infant’s cheek or lip is touched, it will turn its head
toward it and making sucking motion with the mouth.
• The tendency of a dog to shake his body when it gets wet.

• Drive Reduction Theory - developed by Clark Hull in 1943

• Motivation arises as a result of biological needs. When individuals
experience a need or drive, they will find ways to reduce that need or
drive.
• Ex: when the person is hungry, he will find for food and eat.
•
• Arousal theory-
• Arousal refers to physiological state of alertness and anticipation which prepares the body for
action
• This theory states that we seek an optimum level of excitement or arousal. Arousal varies from
person to person is influenced by his or her surroundings. People with high levels of arousal will
be drawn to high excitement behaviors, while others are satisfied with less exciting and less
risky activities.
• Ex: climbing Mount Everest , bungee jumping

• Incentive theory
• This theory suggests that people are motivated to engage in behaviors in order to gain rewards.
• Ex: a student who studied hard is happy to receive a good grade at the end of the semester

• Humanistic theory :
• This theory addresses the meaning of behavior, and the nature of healthy human development.
• American psychologist Abraham Maslow presented the Hierarchy of Needs. He suggested that
humans were driven to fulfill certain needs or motives that can be ranked. This hierarchy
suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more
advanced needs.
•
 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
• 1. Biological and physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth,
sleep.
• 2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability,
freedom from fear.
• 3. Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, trust and
acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part
of a group (family, friends, work).
• 4. Esteem needs - confidence, self-esteem, achievement, respect, prestige
• 5. Self-actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment,
seeking personal growth and peak experiences. A desire “to become
everything one is capable of becoming”
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
 References
• Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, et.al. 2009. Atkinson& Hilgard’s Introduction to Psychology, 15th ed.
Autralia.:Wadsworth Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1-84480-728-4
• Douglas A. Bernstein, Peggy W. Nash . 2008. ESSENTIALS of PSYCHOLOGY 4thed. New York :
Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN-(10): 0-618-71312-3; ISBN-(13): 978-0-618-71312-7
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