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Gabungan 3
Gabungan 3
Gabungan 3
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Abstract
Urticaria : erythemathous, edematous, itchy, transient plaques in
skin or mucous membrane.
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Pathogenesis
Various mediator inflammation from mast cell
Type 1 Immnuoglobulin E dependent hypersensitivity reaction is seen in
acute urticria
Foods:
Nuts, Eggs, Fish, Seafoods, Chocolate, Meats, Cow’s
Milks, fruits, vegetables, mushrooms, spies, Spirits,
It appears after 1-2 hours.
Respiratory allergens:
pollen, molds spores, mites, animal dandruff, hairs,
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Infection:
Sinusitis, tonsillitis, dental abses, urinary tract
infection, hepatitis, infectious mobonucleosis,
parasites,
Contact Urticaria:
Latex, cosmetics, Chemicals
Insect bites
idiopathic
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Clinical Manifestations
Redness, Blistering,
itching
Burning sensation
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• Eyelid, lip mucosae. Sudden onset skin swelling.
• Pain and burning sensation > Pruritus.
Angioedema • The lasions regress spontaneously in about 72 h.
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Diagnosis and Differential
Diagnosis
Anamnesis from urticaria
patient to reach the etiology
1. Drug eruption 1. Onset
2. Viral rashes 2. Development
3. Connective tissue diseases 3. Localization of lesions
4. Sistemic Complaints Laboratory test and Allergy
4. Phatosensitive diseases
Tests in acute urticaria
5. Urticaria Pigmentosa 5. Food intake
6. Urticarial vaskulitis 6. Stress
7. Syndromic Diseases 7. Medical use
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Treatment
Basic steps in the treatment :
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Antihistamines H1
First-generation agents (e.g.,diphenhydramine,
chlorpheniramine,hydroxyzine, cyclizine, dimenhydrinate,
doxepin, doxamine, meclizine, promethazine, etc.
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Antihistamines H2
H2 antihistamine options include ranitidine,
nizatidine, famotidine, and cimetidine.
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Systemic Corticosteroid
Glucocorticoid inhibit mast cell degranulation
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Cyclosporine
Compared with systemic corticosteroids, cyclosporine (5
mg/kg/day) has been reported to cause a more rapid and
long-term remission. Clinical response rates are between
64% and 95%.
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Omalizumab
Omalizumab, a monoclonal antibody (anti-IgE IgG)
against IgE, is safe and effective for many patients, but
it is too expensive and does not appear to have long-
term disease-improving effects. Omalizumab reduces
mast cell function and induces eosinophil apoptosis. It
reduces cytokine release from basophils and migration
of immune cells to tissue
It is administered subcutaneously at a dose of
300 mg every 28 days for 6 months. It is effective in
>80% of the patients. Omalizumab has also been
reported to be effective in the treatment of other forms
of urticaria, such as cold urticaria, solar urticaria,
cholinergic urticaria, symptomatic dermatographic, and
urticarial vasculitis
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Leukotriene Receptor
Antagonists (LTRAs)
More effective than placebo,
but they are not highly recommended except for
aspirininduced urticaria cases
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Other Treatments
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Other Treatments
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Treatment of Urticaria in
Children
New generation H1 antihistamines are recommended as the first
choice in the treatment of urticaria as long-term safety profiles
are better.
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Treatment of Urticaria
During Pregnancy and
Lactation
The pregnancy category B is indicated for chlorpheniramine,
loratadine, cetirizine and levocetirizin is the pregnancy and
category C for all other antihistamines.
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Conclusion
Urticaria is an acute and chronic itchy rash that can be
quite irritating.
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Thanks!
Wassalamualaikum wrwb
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URTICARIA
PENDAHULUAN
Urtikaria ialah reaksi vaskuler di kulit akibat bermacam-macam sebab, biasanya
ditandai dengan edema setempat yang cepat timbul dan menghilang perlahan-
lahan, berwarna pucat dan kemerahan, meninggi dipermukaan kulit,sekitarnya
dapat dikelilingi halo
•40% urtikaria
•49% urtikaria + angioedema
•11% angioedema
•Lama serangan : variasi, ≥ 1 tahun - 20 tahun
Etiologi
u ± 80 % tidak diketahui
Peran :
⊶ Obat
⊶ Makanan
⊶ Gigitan dan sengatan serangga
⊶ Fotosensitizer
⊶ Inhalan, kontaktan
⊶ Trauma fisik
⊶ infeksi / infestasi parasit
⊶ Psikis
⊶ Genetik & penyakit sistemik
Obat
⊸ Penisilin
⊸ Sulfonamid
⊸ Analgetik & antipiretik
⊸ Pencahar
⊸ Hormon
⊸ Diuretik
Makanan
⊶ Berasal dr protein : ikan, telur, susu, keju, kerang, lobster
⊶ Penyedap rasa
⊶ Zat warna
⊶ Pengawet
⊶ Biji-bijian
⊶ Tomat
⊶ Arbei & strawberry
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KLASIFIKASI
Urtikaria Urtikaria
Akut Spontan Reaksi Imunologik
• Bergantung pada IgE (reaksi alergi tipe I)
• Berhubungan dengan komplemen
Kronis Spontan • Reaksi alergi tipe IV (urtikaria kontak)
Idiopatik
Urtikaria Akut Spontan Berlangsung < 6
minggu
⊷ Faktor Pencetus:
Infeksi
Hipersensitifitas Obat
Alergi Makanan
Infeksi
• Infeksi saluran pernafasan atas, infeksi
saluran pencernaan, infeksi saluran kemih
akibat virus, bakteri, nematoda, nematoda.
Hipersensitifitas Obat
• Antibiotik
• Anti Inflamasi Non Steroid
Alergi Makanan
• Urtikaria akut adalah manifestasi utama dalam
alergi makanan yang dimediasi oleh IgE.
• Gejala timbul < 1 jam.
Urtikaria Kronik
Spontan
Berlangsung > 6 Infeksi
minggu
Autore- Alergi
Etiologi Makanan
aktivitas
Autoimun
Tiroid Kondisi
autoimun
lain
• Virus Epstein-Barr, bakteri seperti
Streptococcus, Staphylococcus,
Helicobacterpylori, Escherichiacoli
Infeksi dan parasit seperti B.hominis telah
dilaporkan sebagai faktor
penyebab
Aquagenic
Urtikaria Induksi
Olahraga
Lainnya
Hipersensitivitas terhadap protein peningkatan aktif suhu
eksogen dan bahan kimia.
Urtikaria oral dan perioral. tubuh karena proses aktif
Reaktivitas silang terhadap serbuk Kontak seperti berolahraga.
sari.
PATOFISIOLOGI
• Urtikaria vasodilatasi disertai peningkatan
permeabilitas kapiler transudasi cairan yang menye-
babkan pengumpulan cairan setempat klinis edema
setempat disertai kemerahan.
• Vasodilatasi dan peningkatan permeabilitas kapiler
akibat pelepasan mediator inflamasi oleh sel mast dan
atau basofil.
• Penyebab Agen fisik, Faktor emosional, Makanan
dan obat, Inhalasi bahan kimia/serbuk sari, Gigitan
serangga, Idiopatik
PATOFISIOLOGI
Faktor Non- Faktor Imunologi
Imunologi
Faktor Genetik
Pelepasan Mediator
(Histamin, SRSA,
Serotonin, Kinin, PEG,
PAF)
Idiopatik URTIKARIA
- fc fisik
- kolinergik
- demam, emosi
- alkohol
Vasodilatasi
Permiabilitas kapiler meningkat pengumpulan cairan setempat
Transudasi cairan edem + eritem URTIKARIA
GAMBARAN KLINIS
Subyektif
• Rasa gatal
• Rasa terbakar
• Rasa tertusuk
• Timbul mendadak dan hilang perlahan
Obyektif
• Eritema & edema
• Batas tegas
• Ukuran : kecil (<1 cm) to besar (>8 cm),
• Distribusi umumnya regional atau generalisata
• Terlokalisasi pada tempat terjadinya mekanisme pencetus
Acute urticaria Small and large
wheals with erythematous borders
and a lighter color centrally.
Well-defined. The lesion on the left
upper arm is ill-defined at its lower
border where it is regressing
Johnson RA, Wolff K. Fitzpatrick’s Color Atlas and Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology, Sixth Edition. The McGraw
Hill Companies, 2009, Section 14, page 360.
VARIASI KLINIS
Purpura anafilaktoid
allergic angioedema
Angioedema biasanya akan mucul dalam waktu 30 menit sampai 2 jam setelah
terpajan alergen (seperti makanan, obat-obatan, dan bahan latex).
pseudoallergic angioedema
Pseudoallergic angioedema tidak dimediasi oleh reaksi hipersensitifitas IgE. Akan
tetapi gejala yang ditimbulkan sangat mirip dengan allergic angioedema. Contohnya
angioedema yang diinduksi oleh penggunaan NSAIDs seperti aspirin.
non-allergic angioedema
idiopathic angioedema.
NON-ALLERGIC ANGIOEDEMA
Angioedema Herediter (Hereditary Angioedema (HAE))
Angioedema herediter tipe 1 (85%) adalah kelainan yang
diturunkan secara autosomal dominan akibat mutasi pada gen
sehingga terjadi supresi C1-inhibitor sebagai akibat sekresi
abnormal ataupun degradasi intraseluler.