ARTIFICIAL

LIGHTING
 Types of Lighting
• Incandescents/Halogens.
• Fluorescents.
• High Intensity Discharge (HID).
• Inductive.
• Light Emitting Diode.
 Incandescent Lamps
• One of the oldest
electric lighting
technologies.
• Light is produced by
passing a current
through a tungsten
filament.
• Least efficient – (4 to 24
lumens/watt).
• Lamp life ~ 1,000 hours.
 Incandescent Lamps (cont’d)
• High CRI (100) – Warm Color (2700K)
• Halogen 2900K to 3200K)
• Inexpensive
• Excellent beam control
• Easily dimmed – no ballast needed
• Immediate off and on
• No temperature concerns – can be used outdoors
• 100, 75, 60 and 40 watt lamps will be going away per 2007 law
beginning 2012
 Tugnsten-Halogen Lamps
• A type of incandescent
lamp.
• Encloses the tungsten
filament in a quartz capsule
filled with halogen gas.
• Halogen gas combines with
the vaporized tungsten and
redeposits it on the
filament.
• More efficient.
• Lasts longer (up to 6,000
hrs.)
 Fluorescent Lamps
• Most common commercial lighting
technology.
• High Efficicacy: up to 100 lumens/watt.
• Improvements made in the last 15 years.
– T12: 1.5 inch in diameter.
– T8: 1 inch in diameter.
• ~30% more efficient than T12.
– T5: 5/8 inch in diameter.
• ~40% more efficient than T12.
 Fluorescent Lamps (cont’d)
• Configurations
– Linear (8 ft., 4 ft., 2 ft., 1 ft.)
– Ubend (fit in a 2 ft. x 2 ft.
fixture).
– Circular (rare, obsolete).
– Fixtures can be 4, 3, 2, or 1
lamp per fixture.
• Output Categories
– Standard Output (430 mA).
– High Output (800 mA).
– Very High Output (1,500 mA).
 Schematic of Fluorescent Lamp

Phosphor crystals Mercury atom Electron Electrode

 Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)

• Fluorescent lamp that is

small in size (~2 in.
diameter, 3 to 5 in. in
length).
• Developed as replacement
for incandescent lamps.
• Two Main Types
– Ballast-integrated.
– Ballast non-integrated (allows
only lamp to be replaced).
 Compact Fluorescent

•Excellent color available – comparable to incandescent

•Many choices (sizes, shapes, wattages, output, etc.)

•Wide Range of CRI and Color Temperatures

•Energy Efficient (3.5 to 4 times incandescent)

•Long Life (generally 10,000 hours –

lasts 12 times longer than standard 750 hour incandescent lamps)

•Less expensive dimming now available (0-10v dimming to 5%)

•Available for outdoor use with amalgam technology

 Compact Fluorescent Lamps (cont’d)
• Use ¼ the power of an
incandescent for an
equivalent amount of
light. (an 18-watt CFL is
equivalent to a 75-watt
incandescent.)
• 10,000 hour life. (10x
an incandescent).
• Saves about $30 over
the life of the CFL.
 Ballasts
• Auxiliary component that
performs 3 functions:
– Provides higher starting
voltage.
– Provides operating voltage.
– Limits operating current.
• Old type ballasts were
electromagnetic.
• New ballasts are electronic.
– Lighter, less noisy, no lamp
flicker, dimming capability).
 Ballast Factor
•DEFINITION: The fraction of rated lamp lumens produced by a specific lamp-
ballast combination

•APPLICATIONS: High Ballast Factor Increases output

(1.00-1.30) AND energy consumption

Typical Ballast Factor Comparable light output in

(0.85-0.95) one-to-one replacement

Low Ballast Factor Decreases light output

(0.47-0.83) AND energy consumption

•For optimal efficiency lamps and ballasts must be properly matched.

•Maximize energy savings by selecting electronic ballasts with ballast factor

that provides target illuminance.
 Ballast Circuit Types
• Instant Start Ballast – starts lamp instantly with
higher starting voltage. Efficient but may shorten
lamp life.
• Rapid Start – delay of about 0.5 seconds to start;
supplies starting current to heat the filament prior to
starting and continues during operation. Uses 2 to 4
watts more than an instant start ballast.
• Programmed Rapid Start - delay of about 0.5 seconds
to start; starting current heats the filament prior to
starting, then cuts off during operation.
High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
High Intensity Discharge Fixtures
 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
• produces light by
means of an electric arc
between tungsten
electrodes housed
inside a translucent or
transparent fused
quartz or fused alumina
(ceramic) arc tube filled
with special gases.
 High Intensity Discharge Lamps
(cont’d)
• Arc tube can be filled by various types of gases
and metal salts.
• HID lamps are used in industrial high bay
applications, gymnasiums, outdoor lighting,
parking decks, street lights.
• Efficient (up to 150 lumens/watt).
• Long Life (up to 25,000 hours).
• Drawback – take up to 15 minutes to come up
to full light after power outage.
 High Intensity Discharge Lamps
(cont’d)
• Types of HIDs
– Mercury Vapor
(obsolete)
– Sodium Vapor
• High pressure
• Low pressure
– Metal Halide
• Arc tube contains argon,
mercury, and metal
halides.
• Gives better color
temperature and CRI.
 Metal Halide Lamps
• Most common HID in use today.
• Recent Improvements.
– Allow higher pressure & temperature.
– Better efficiency, better CRI and better lumen
maintenance.
– Pulse Start vs. older Probe Start
– Ceramic vs. older Quartz arc tube.
 Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
• Latest Lighting Technology.
• Invented in 1962.
• In the past, used as indicator lights,
automotive lights, and traffic lights; now being
introduced for indoor and outdoor lighting.
• LED is a semiconductor technology.
• Electroluminescence. Electrons recombine
with holes in the semiconductor, releasing
photons.
 Light Emitting Diodes (cont’d)
• Lower energy
consumption.
• Longer lifetime (50,000
to 100,000 hrs).
• Smaller size.
• Faster switching.
• Greater durability and
reliability.
• Cycling.
• Dimming.
LED Replacement Lamps for a 4-ft.
Fluorescent Fxture
 Comparison of LED with a Fluorescent
Lamp
Popular T8 Brand
EverLED-TR Fluorescent

Watt Rating, typical B.F. = 0.8 22W 34W

Lumens, initial Equivalent 2850

CRI 85 85
Color Temperature 5000K 5000K

Life Expectancy 12 hrs per 10 years 10 20000 hours 16000

start / 3 hrs per start years hours

Light output at 0° C 20% increase 50% decrease

 LED Applications
Successfully used today for many markets
• Signs & Traffic signals (most common)
• Displays (change colors for attention)
• Exit Signs (most common)
• Indicators and Flashlights
• Under Counter & Coves
• Accent
• Parking Garage & Outdoor
• Downlights
• Food Freezers
LED vs. HPS

26
 Comparison: LED to Ceramic Metal Halide

Cree LED Lighting LRP38 – Total Wattage = 36W

Ceramic Metal Halide – Total Wattage ~ 158 to 237W

27
 Induction Lights
• Light source in which the power required to generate light is transferred
from the outside of the lamp envelope by means of electromagnetic
fields.
• Type of fluorescent lamp – uses radio waves rather than arc to excite
phosphor coating on lamp to glow
• Long lifespan due to the lack of electrodes - between 65,000 and 100,000
hours depending on the lamp model;
• High energy conversion efficiency of between 62 and 90 Lumens/Watt
[higher wattage lamps are more energy efficient];
• High power factor due to the low loss of the high frequency electronic
ballasts which are typically between 95% and 98% efficient;
• Minimal Lumen depreciation (declining light output with age) compared
to other lamp types as filament evaporation and depletion is absent;
• “Instant-on” and hot re-strike, unlike most conventional lamps used in
commercial/industrial lighting applications (such as Mercury-Vapor lamp,
Sodium Vapor Lamp and Metal Halide Lamp);
• Environmentally friendly as induction lamps use less energy, and use less
mercury per hour of operation than conventional lighting due to their long
lifespan.
 Induction Lighting

Type of fluorescent lamp – uses radio waves rather than arc to excite
phosphor coating on lamp to glow

Advantages:
• QL and Icetron: 60,000 to 100,000 hours – if used 12 hours each
day will last 20 years!
• Good for hard to maintain locations

Disadvantages:
• Large light source – difficult to control beam of light making it
inefficient for delivered and task lumens
• Expensive - $200+ adder to HID
• No industry standards for Induction
 Induction Applications
• Applications where maintenance is expensive and/or
difficult

• 24 hour a day.7 days a week applications

• Bridges

• Low Bay Industrial

• Select Outdoor Lighting Applications

• Long burning hour applications

 Exit Signs
• Old incandescent exit signs used
(2) 20-watt incandescent lamps.
– At $0.08/kWh, energy cost for
1 sign = $28/yr.
• CFL exit signs use 10 to 12 watts
– Energy cost for 1 sign = $7 to
$8.50/yr.
• LED exit signs use 3 to 4 watts
– energy cost for 1 sign = $3 to
$4/yr.
• Photoluminescent sign uses 0
watts, but may have (slightly)
radioactive material.
– New technology claims
completely non-toxic and
recyclable.
 Outdoor Lighting
• Older technology for
outdoor lighting
– High pressure sodium
– Metal Halide
• Newer technology
– Compact fluorescents
– LEDs
• Solar street lights
(economical when electric
lines don’t need to be run
in a new installation).
HID Upgrade to Fluorescent Lamps

• 400-Watt Metal Halide = 455 watts input

• 6-Lamp T8 Fixture = 234 watts
 Older Lighting Technology Subject
to be Changed Out
•T-12 Fluorescent-4’ and 8’ Systems

•Fluorescent Magnetic Ballasts

•Incandescent

•Standard Metal Halide

•Mercury Vapor

•Neon

•Manual Controls
 New Energy Efficient Lighting
Replacements
•T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems

•Electronic Ballasts

•Halogen

•Pulse Start and Ceramic Metal Halide

•LED

•Bi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems

•New Fixtures
 Change from Old to New
and To Save Energy and Money
OLD TECHNOLOGY => NEW TECHNOLOGY

• T12 Fluorescent – 4’ and 8’ Systems • T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems

• Magnetic Ballasts • Electronic Ballasts

• Incandescent • Halogen IR, MH & LED

• Halogen • Metal Halide and LED

• Probe Start Metal Halide • Pulse Start and

and Mercury Vapor Ceramic Metal Halide

• Neon •LED

• Manual Controls •Automatic Controls, Bi-Level and

Continuous Dimming Systems
Recommended Illumination Levels
Illumination
Foot-
Activity candles

Offices: Average Reading and Writing 50-75

Offices: Hallways 10-20
Offices: Rooms with Computers 20-50
Auditoriums / Assembly Places 15-30
Hospitals: General Areas 10-15
Labs / Treatment areas 50-100
Libraries 30-100
Schools 30-150