DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Technical Seminar on
“VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATIONS-BASED INDOOR
POSITIONING VIA COMPRESSED SENSING”
Presented by :
RETHUMON BABY
(1AH13EC029)

30-05-2019 Department of ECE 1

CONTENTS

 Introduction
 Existing & Proposed Technology
 Visible Light Communication(VLC)
 Indoor positioning using VLC
 Block Diagram
 Working
 Indoor positioning via multiple LEDs
 VLC-based positioning via compressed sensing
 Advantages of VLC
 Results and discussion
 Future Scope
 Conclusion
 References
 INTRODUCTION
 GPS is very difficult to use it indoors because of the poor coverage of
satellite signals.
 Reason is the multipath effects of radio-waves on the GPS signals.
 Signals emitted from satellites may reflect off surfaces around the receiver,
such as trees, roofs, walls, or even human bodies.
 Delayed components, creating positioning errors.
 This induced inaccuracy is so large for indoor.
 A need to develop a reliable and accurate system.
 Increasing popularity of multimedia services leads to extreme congestion.
 Delivery of such services depend on the development of low-cost physical layer
delivery mechanisms.
 Electromagnetic spectrum has become extremely crowded.
 4G technology for obtaining more bandwidth .
 As frequency increases, the path loss increases.
 There is no cliff as frequency increases; it just becomes more difficult gradually to
deliver a high quality-of-service over a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) path.
 The base station spacing has decreased to increase system capacity .
 EXISTING & PROPOSED TECHNOLOGY
 larger bandwidth than RF techniques.
 better positioning accuracy than radio-wave
 RF interference can disable medical devices
 RF radiation is restricted, or even prohibited in hospitals
 VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION(VLC)
 Employ visible light for communication (380 nm to 750 nm)
 Availability of the large bandwidth.
 Receives signals if they reside in the same room as the transmitter
 The receivers outside the room will not receive the signals.
 It saves the extra power.
 Applications:
i) Li-Fi
ii) Vehicle to vehicle communication
iii) Under water communication
iv) Hospitals
v) WLAN
 INDOOR POSITIONING USING VLC
 VLC is a preferred communication technique
 high bandwidth and immunity to interference from electromagnetic
sources.
 indoor positioning using compressed sensing.
 Accurate location-based services
 key technology which can be beneficial for many industries and customers.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

LED PD optical
transmitter receiver
 WORKING
 LED transmitters are installed at fixed locations inside a room
 Continuously transmit their position coordinates
 Encoded as an optical signal.
 Mobile optical receiver receives the optical signal
 Decodes the LED position to estimate its own position.
 The transmitted optical signals are affected by multipath propagation, shadowing,
and interference from various noise sources.
 Implementation techniques for the VLC which achieves high positioning accuracy.
 Based on triangulation/trilateration, fingerprinting or proximity methods.
 System complexity, computational and implementation costs makes it difficult
 The problem of estimating signal strength can be translated to finding the channel
gains of the set of received signals.
 Most of the channel gains at the optical receiver will be zero
 The problem reduces to an compressed sensing (CS) problem
 INDOOR POSITIONING VIA MULTIPLE LEDS
 N LED sources
 Positions zi = [ai, bi, h], where ai and bi are the i-th LED coordinates & h is the height of
all LEDs from the ground.
 Area of coverage of illumination of i-th led be Ai
 A user device (UD) is placed at an unknown location u = [x, y, 0]
 The coverage areas of different LEDs overlap
 Leading to a positioning problem via multiple-LED estimation model (MLEM)
 Binary ID sequences si = (si,1, si,2, . . . , si,M)T , 1 ≤ i ≤ N
 Each bit of the ID sequence si is generated independently and uniformly at random
 Assume that the UD knows the ID sequences of all LEDs.
 The LED signal is transmitted using a simple on-off keying (OOK) modulation
 assume all LED transmissions are perfectly synchronized
 ignore all distance-dependent delays.
 At an unknown position, the received signal y = (y1, y2, . . . , yM)T at the UD represents a
superposition of signals arriving from surrounding LEDs:
𝑵

𝐲 = ∑𝜆𝑖𝛼𝑖𝐬𝑖 + 𝐧
𝒊=𝟏
 αi is the gain of the optical channel1 between the i-th LED and the UD
 λi is a coverage indicator variable equal to one if the UD is covered by the i-th
LED.
 Representing y in the matrix form, y = Sx + n, where S = (s1,s2,...,sN) is an M × N
binary matrix containing all LED ID.
 estimating the unknown coordinates u of the UD based on the signal y received
from LED transmitters and knowledge of the matrix S of LED ID signatures.
 LED ID detection and channel estimation step, where we recover the vector x
from (5) using ideas from CS
 UD position estimation step, where, based on the recovered vector x, we
estimate the UD position u.
VLC-BASED POSITIONING VIA COMPRESSED SENSING

1) procedure NOISY OMP RECOVERY

2) Inputs: y, S;
3) Estimate x̂ = OMP(y, S);
4) Output: x̂ ;
5) end procedure
6) procedure UD POSITION RECOVERY
7) Inputs: x̂ , {zi,Ai}, Kmax, dth
8) x̂ s, is = SORT(x̂ ); (sorts x̂ descending into x̂ s, and is are original indices after
sorting)
9) Initialize ˆ Sλ = {is(1)}; (is(1) is the index of the strongest detected LED)
10) Initialize û = [x̂ , ŷ] = zis(1);
11) for j = 2: Kmax do
12) if |zis(j) − û |2 < dth then
13) ˆ Sλ = { ˆ Sλ, is(j)};
14) û = [ˆx, ˆy] = PROX({zi} i ∈ ˆ Sλ );
15) end if
16) end for
17) Output: ˆ Sλ; (Set of LED IDs covering UD)
18) Output: û; (Estimated UD position)
19) end procedure
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

MPE and SRE of position estimation for fixed M = 200 as a function of SNR.
MPE and SRE of position estimation for fixed SNR= 20 dB as a MPE and SRE of position estimation for fixed M =
function of M. 100 and SNR= 20 dB as a function of radius r.
MPE of position estimation for fixed M = 100 and SNR= {20, 30} dB as
a function of radius n LED.
 ADVANTAGES OF VLC
 Larger bandwidth.
 Higher power efficiency
 Longer lifetime
 Higher tolerance to environmental hazards.
 Easily modulated for many applications.
 better positioning accuracy.
 No degradation of the performance of other wireless devices.
 No RF interference
 Carry different forms of information.
 Widespread coverage
 Economical.
 FUTURE SCOPE

 Simple regression-based approach with

 Linear and nonlinear least square estimations (LLS & NLS)
 The average, standard deviation, and cumulative distribution function of the
localization error.
 First reflection from plaster walls , thermal noise, and shot noise are
considered.
 Error decreases from 1.15 m to 0.73 m,
 The average error from 0.37 m to 0.22 m, and
 The standard deviation from 0.28 m to 0.15 m.
 Maximum error is improved by 36.5%
 Average error by 41%
 Standard deviation by 46%.
 CONCLUSION

 VLC-based positioning approach using compressed sensing.

 low-complexity while performing close to the bounds
 Optical positioning systems are expected to provide better accuracy compared to
radio-wave rivals.
 Making these suitable to be deployed inside RF restricted or prohibited
environments.
 REFERENCES
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communication positioning system using a RF carrier allocation technique,” J. Lightw.
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[3] J. A. Tropp and A. C. Gilbert, “Signal recovery from random measurements via
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Dec. 2007.

[4] M. Kavehrad and W. Zhang, “Light positioning system (LPS),” in Visible Light
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[5] N. U. Hassan, A. Naeem, M. A. Pasha, T. Jadoon, and C. Yuen, “Indoor positioning

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