Greenfield Airport Project

at Mopa, North Goa

Prepared by- Rajesh Meriga

0
CONTENTS
• What Is Quality
• Difference
Between QA &
QC
• Quality Control
• Need For Quality
Control

• Embankment
 QUALITY

• Quality refers to the sum of attributes or properties that describe a

product/output.
• These are expressed in terms of :
1. Strength
2. Stability
3. Toughness
4. Durability etc..
• Performance parameters
 Conformity to standards and codal provision
 Quality Control
- Product Oriented
- Testing is controlling quality
Quality

- QC ensures that the approaches, techniques,

methods and processes are designed in the project
are following correctly.

Quality Assurance
- Process Oriented
- Doing right things in right way.
- QA ensures that the approaches, techniques,
methods and processes are designed for the projects
are implemented correctly.
 Quality Control

• A systematic process of maintaining

standards in manufactured products

• To ensure the quality of product by

testing the sample of output to meet
the specification
 Need for Quality control

• Increased productivity
• Reduce the cost of repairs
• Increased profits
• Meeting the customers’ expectations
• Improve strength, stability and durability of
the product
 Quality control tests: Embankment(soil)

• Free Swell Index

• Grain size Analysis
• Determination of Atterberg Limits-
 Liquid Limit
 Plastic Limit
 Plasticity Index

• Modified Proctor Test

 Quality control tests: Embankments(soil)
Sl Type of test Test methods Frequency of MORTH Acceptance
No tests 5TH REV Criteria
Guideline
1 Free Swell Index IS:2720 (Part 40) 2tests/3000m3 903.2.1 <50%

2 Atterberg Limits IS:2720 (Part 5) 2 tests/3000m3 903.2.1 LL<50

(LL, PL, PI) PI<25

3 Modified Proctor IS:2720 (Part 8) 2 tests/3000m3 903.2.1 >15.2KN/cum

test (height upto 3m)
(MDD, OMC) >16.0KN/cum
(height >3m)
4 Grain Size IS:2720 (Part 4) 2 tests/3000m3 903.2.1 Size of coarse
Analysis material: <75mm
 1. Free Swell Index Test (IS: 2720 Part 40-1977)

Test Apparatus:
• 425 micron IS sieve.

• Graduated glass cylinders 100 ml

capacity 2Nos (IS: 878 -1956).

• Glass rod for stirring.

• Balance of capacity 500grams with

sensitivity upto 0.01 gram

 5. Free Swell Index Test (IS: 2720 Part 40-1977)

Test Procedure:
• Take two representative oven dried soil samples each of 10 grams passing
through 425 micron sieve.
• Pour each soil sample in to each of the two glass graduated cylinders of
100ml capacity.
• Fill one cylinder with kerosene and the other with the distilled water up to
the100ml mark.
• Remove the entrapped air in the cylinder by gentle shaking and stirring with
a glass rod.
• Allow the samples to settle in both the cylinders.
• Sufficient time, not less than 24 hours shall be allowed for soil sample to
attain equilibrium state of volume without any further change in the
volume of the soils.
• Record the final volume of the soils in each of the cylinders.
 5. Free Swell Index Test (IS: 2720 Part 40-1977)
𝑽𝒅 −𝑽𝒌
Free Swell Index, (%) = x 100
𝑽𝒌

Vd = Volume of the soil specimen Distilled water

Kerosene
read from the graduated cylinder
containing distilled water.

Vk = Volume of the soil specimen

read from the graduated cylinder
containing kerosene
 5. Free Swell Index Test

Sl.No. Description of Test Readings

Volume of Soil Specimen in Distilled

1 12.5
Water in cc (Vd)

Volume of Soil Specimen in Kerosene

2 11.0
in cc (Vk)

Free Swell Index in Percentage ((Vd -

3 13.64
Vk / Vk) x 100
 2. Grain size Analysis(IS: 2720 Part 4- 1985)
SCOPE OF THIS EXPERIMENT

• This Standard Covers method for the quantitative determination of grain size
distribution in soils.
• Two methods are given for finding the distribution of grain sizes larger then
75micron Sieve; the first method, wet sieving's shall be applicable to all soils and
the second, dry sieving, shall be applicable only to soils which do not have an
appreciable amount of clay.
• For the determination of distribution of grain sizes smaller than 75-microns the
pipette method is given as the standard method; the hydrometer method is given as
a subsidiary method. This method shall not applicable if less than 10 percent of the
material passes the 75-micron IS Sieve .
 OBSERVATION SHEET
Cumulativ Cumulativ
Weight Cumulative TOTAL
IS Sieve e (%) of e (%) of %of
Retained Weight Retained WEIGHT
Size (mm) Retained Passing Retained 456165
(gm) (gm)
(gm) (gm)
75 121255 121255 26.58 73.42 26.58

20 106967 228222 50.03 49.97

56.81
4.75 152193 380415 83.39 16.61

2 9371 389786 85.45 14.55

0.425 14500 404286 88.63 11.37 7.23

0.075 9123 413409 90.63 9.37

Pan 42756 456165 9.37

Note; The Maximum Particle Size In Such Case, However, Shall Not Be More Then 2/3 Of
The Compacted Layer Thickness.(as per MORTH 5th revision clause no 305.2.1.4) In case of
Engineer Approved .
Classification of Soil
PERCENTAG
DESCRIPTION PARTICAL SIEVE SIZE Total %
E
Cobbles above 75-300mm 26.58 26.58

Coarse 75 mm - 20 mm 23.45
Gravel 56.81
Fine 20 mm - 4.75 mm 33.36

Coarse 4.75 mm - 2 mm 2.05

Sand Medium 2 mm - 0.425 mm 3.18 7.23

0.425 mm - 0.075
Fine 2.00
mm
Silt & Clay 0.075 mm Passing 9.37 9.37

Note; More then 300mm Sieve Sieve we call Boulders

 2.Grain size Analysis(IS: 2720 Part 4- 1985)

Particle size distribution curve

80

70
% of finer by weight

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Grain diameter (mm)

 3. Atterberg Indices (IS: 2720 Part 5-1985)
Volume

Solid Semi-Solid Plastic Liquid

Shrinkage Limit Plastic Limit Liquid Limit

Water Content (%)
3. Atterberg Indices (IS: 2720 Part 5-1985)
 3. Atterberg Indices (IS: 2720 Part 5-1985)

A) Liquid Limit Apparatus:

1. Mechanical liquid limit device

2. Grooving tool

3. Flexible spatula (blade 8 cm long

and 2 cm wide)

4. Moisture tins

5. Thermostatically controlled oven

 3. Atterberg Indices (IS: 2720 Part 5-1985)

Liquid Limit Procedure:

 120 g of the soil sample passing 425-micron IS Sieve is mixed thoroughly with distilled
water
 Portion of the paste is taken with spatula and placed in the centre of the cup so that it
is almost half filled
 With the help of the grooving tool , the paste in the cup is divided along the cup
diameter by holding the tool normal to the surface of the cup. Thus, a V shaped gap
2mm wide at the bottom and 11mm at the top and 8mm deep is formed.
 Turn the handle of the apparatus at the rate of 2 revolutions per seconds
 record the number of blows required to cause the groove close for approximate 12 mm
length
 Collect a representative slice of soil by moving the spatula width-wise to determine WC
 These operations are repeated for 3 or 4 more additional trials with different
consistency of the paste.
 Plot moisture content vs Number of blows

Note: Consistency of soil paste is such that number of revolutions or drops to close
the groove is in between 15 to 35
3. Atterberg Indices (IS: 2720 Part 5-1985)

Placed Sample After Certain Number of Blows

 Samples
Liquid Limit Observations
1 2 3 4
1 No Of Blows 15 22 26 32

2 Container No. 68 18 11 21
Mass of Container
3 97.46 105.65 98.87 108.70
(gm)
Mass of Wet Soil + Container
4 134.93 143.92 135.02 149.16
(gm)
Mass of oven Dry Soil + Container
5 125.04 134.11 126.18 139.64
(gm)
Mass of Water=(4-5)
6 9.89 9.81 8.84 9.52
(gm)
Mass of oven dry soil =(5-3)
7 27.58 28.46 27.31 30.94
(gm)
Water Content (w=6/7*100)
8 35.86 34.47 32.37 30.77
(%)
 Liquid Limit Test( Flow Curve)
50

45
Moisture content (%)

40

35 33.4

30

25

20

15

10
10 25 100
Number of Blows
3. Atterberg Indices (IS: 2720 Part 5-1985)
B) Plastic Limit Procedure:
 About 20gm of air dried soil is taken from
portion of the material passing 425micron IS
sieve.
 It is mixed on marble plate with sufficient
distilled water to make it plastic enough to be
shaped into a ball
 5gms of plastic soil is taken to make a ball and
roll it on the marble plate using hand with just
sufficient pressure to roll the mass into a thread
of uniform diameter throughout its length
 When the diameter of the thread has decreased to
3mm the specimens is kneaded together and roll
out again.
 Continue the process until thread just crumbles at
3 mm diameter.
 Collect the crumbled soil thread in the air tight
container for water content determination.
 Samples
Plastic Limit Observation
1 2
Container No. 32 66
1
Mass of Container (gm) 95.25 106.30
2
Mass of Wet Soil + Container (gm) 104.05 117.48
3
Mass of oven Dry Soil + Container (gm) 103.40 115.29
4
Mass of Water (gm) 0.65 2.19
5
Mass of oven dry soil (gm) 8.15 8.7
6
Water Content (%) 24.12 24.36
7
 3. Atterberg Indices (IS: 2720 Part 5-1985)

C) Plasticity Index:
Ip = Wl – Wp
Ip is known as plasticity index (%)
Wl is liquid limit (%)
2. Atterberg Indices (IS: 2720 Part 5-1985)
Wp is plastic limit (%)

Plasticity Index Degree of Plasticity Soil Type

0 Non Plastic Sand

<7 Low Plastic Silt

7 to 17 Medium Plastic Silt-Clay

>17 High Plastic Clay
 3. Atterberg Indices (IS: 2720 Part 5-1985)
For Non-Plastic Soil
TO DETERMINE LIQUID LIMIT BY CONE PENETRATION
METHOD
Liquid Limit Procedure:
 150 g of the soil sample passing 425-micron IS Sieve is mixed thoroughly with distilled
water
 Portion of the paste is taken and transferred to the cylindrical cup of cone penetrometer
apparatus, ensuring that no air is trapped in this process.
 Finally the wet soil is levelled up to the top of the cup and placed on the base of the cone
penetrometer apparatus.
 The penetrometer shall be so adjusted that the cone point just touches the surface of the soil
paste in the cup clamped in this position.
 The initial reading is either adjusted to zero or noted down as is shown on the graduated
scale.
 The vertical clamp is then released allowing the cone to penetrate into the soil paste under its
own weight. The penetration of the cone after 5 seconds shall be noted to the nearest
millimetre.
 3. Atterberg Indices (IS: 2720 Part 5-1985)

 The test shall then be repeated at least to have four sets of values of penetration
 plot graph between water content on the y-axis and the cone penetration on the x-axis shall
be prepared. The best fitting straight line is then drawn.
 The moisture content corresponding to cone penetration of 20 mm shall be taken as the liquid
limit of the soil and shall be expressed to the nearest first decimal place.

NOTE; If the difference in penetration lies between 14 and 28 mm

Cone penetrometer
 3. Atterberg Indices (IS: 2720 Part 5-1985)

Liquid Limit
Determination No.
1 2 3 4

No Of Blows 14 17 21 26
1

Container No. 1 2 3 4
2

Mass of Container (gm) 105.90 108.36 107.61 104.51

3

Mass of Wet Soil + Container (gm) 161.29 169.42 184.98 169.38

4

Mass of oven Dry Soil + Container (gm) 150.36 157.11 168.83 155.40
5

Mass of Water=(4-5) (gm) 10.93 12.31 16.15 13.98

6

Mass of oven dry soil =(5-3) (gm) 44.46 48.75 61.22 50.89
7

Water Content (w=6/7*100) (%) 24.58 25.25 26.38 27.47

8
 3. Atterberg Indices (IS: 2720 Part 5-1985)

Liqid Limit Test( Flow Curve)

30
MOISTURE CONTENT (%)

28

25.93
26

24

22

20
10 100
20

Liquid Limit : Moisture Content at 20mm penetration

 4. Modified Proctor Test (IS: 2720 Part 8)
(For compacting soil containing
2250 cc coarse material up to 37.5mm)
Mould sizes
available (For Soil containing material upto
1000 cc 19mm )

Key features-
• To obtain MDD&OMC
• Cylindrical Mould: 2250cc
• 4.9 KG Rammer
• Height of fall: 45cm
• Soil compacted in 5 layers
• 55 Blows on each layer
 4. Modified Proctor Test (IS: 2720 Part 8)

Test Procedure
1. Soil sample of 30 Kg passing the 37.5 mm IS sieve is used for the test which is oven
dried for 24 hours
2. Mould attached with base plate is placed on a smooth and flat surface
3. 6 Kg dry soil is collected and 2-4% water is added to it and mixed thoroughly
4. The soil is poured to the mould in 5 layers
5. Each layer is given 55 blows uniformly at the surface of each layer
6. Extension is removed
7. Compacted soil is leveled off carefully to the top of the mould by means of the
straightedge.
8. The mould along with the soil is weighed
9. Representative sample is collected from the middle of the compacted soil mass to
find water content
10. Rest of the sample is broken up, rubbed through the 19-mm IS test sieve, and then
mixed with the remainder of the original sample.
11. 2% increment in water content and mixed well.
12. Repeat step 4 to 9 for at least 5 increments of water content such that a range of
moisture contents is obtained which includes the optimum moisture.
 4. Modified Proctor Test: Observation Table
Wt. Sample Taken : 06 Kg. No. of Layers : 05
No. of Blows/Layer :
Test Conducted : Modified Proctor Density
55
Determination No 1 2 3 4
Percentage of Water taken(%) 6 8 10 12
Mould No. B1 B1 B1 B1
Volume of mould (V) CC 2250 2250 2250 2250
Mass of mould (M1) gm 6365 6365 6365 6365
Mass of mould+Compacted soil (M2) gm 11410 11700 11850 11765
Mass of Compacted soil(M3=M2-M1) gm 5045 5335 5485 5400
Wet Density of soil (γw)=M3/V gm/cc 2.242 2.371 2.438 2.400
Container No. 31 15 71 8
Mass of Container (gm) 19.00 20.00 21.00 21.00
Mass of Wet Soil+Container (gm) 100 101 100 98
Mass of Oven Dry Soil + Container (gm) 94 94 92 89
Mass of Water (gm) 6 7 8 9
Water Content (%) 8.00 9.46 11.27 13.24
Dry Density of Soil (γd)=γw/(1+w%) gm/cc 2.076 2.166 2.191 2.119
 4. Modified Proctor Test
MDD VS OMC
2.250
Dry Density (gm/cc)

2.19
2.200

2.150

2.100

2.050
6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00
11.27
Moisture Content (%)