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 Safely moving the casualty,
minimising pain and helping
stabilise the condition
 Providing reassurance and
guidance to the casualty
 Communication with
bystanders and emergency
services personnel
 Acting in accord with first aid
protocol and workplace
guidelines © Copyright 2019 Real Response. All Rights Reserved
 Is an immediate care given to a
person who has been injured or
suddenly taken ill. It includes
selfhelp and home care if
medical assistance is not
available or delayed
 Calm
 Confident
 Willing to offer assistance
whenever necessary
Preserve life
Prevent condition from
worsening
Promote recovery
1.Bridge that fills the gap between the
victim and the physician
It is not intended to compete with, or
take the place of the services of the
physician.
It ends when the services of a physician
begin.
Personal Hygiene

Protective Equipment

Equipment Cleaning &

Disinfecting
1.Unfavorable surroundings.
Night time
Crowded city streets,Curches;
Shopping mall
Busy highways
Cold or rainy weather
Lack of necessary materials or helpers
2.Presence of crowds.
Crowds curiously watch, sometimes
heckle, sometimes offer incorrect
advice
They may demand haste in
transportation or attempt other
improper procedures.
A good examination is difficultwhile a
crowd look on.
Pressure from victim or relatives
The victim usually welcomes help, but
if he is drunk, he is often hard to
examine and handle, and is often
misleading in his response.
The hysteria of relatives or the victim,
the evidence of pain, blood and
possible early death, exert great
pressure on the first aider.
The first aider may fail to examine
carefully and may be persuaded to do
what he would know in calm moments
to be wrong. Red Cross 143 Basic Training
Course: MODULE 2
Gentle - should not cause pain.
Resourceful - should make the best use of
things at hand.
Observant - should notice all signs.
Tactful - should not alarm the victim
Emphatic - should be comforting.
 Respectable - should maintain a
professional & caring attitude

Red Cross 143 Basic Training Course: MODULE 2

Rubbing alcohol Scissors
Povidone Iodine Forceps
Cotton Bandage
Gauze pads (Triangular)
Tongue depressor Elastic roller
Penlight
bandage
Occlusive dressing
Band aid
Plaster
Gloves
Red Cross 143 Basic Training Course: MODULE 2
 Any sterile cloth material used to cover the
wound
Other uses of dressing:
 Controls bleeding.
 Protects the wound from infection.
 Absorbs liquid from the wound such as blood
plasma, water and pus.
Kinds of dressing:
 roller gauze.
 square or eye pads
 compress or adhesive (two types:) - occlusive
dressing - butterfly dressing
Application
 completely cover the wound Red Cross 143 Basic Training Course: MODULE 2
 Any clean cloth materials, sterile or not used to
hold the dressing in place.
Other uses of bandages:
 Control bleeding.
 Tie splints in place.
 Immobilize body part.
 For arm support – use as a sling.
Kinds:
 triangular
 muslin binder
 cravat
 elastic bandage
 roller
 four-tail
Application:
 must proper, neat and correct
 apply snugly not too loose not too tight
 always check for tightness caused by later
swelling
 tie ends with a square knot
Triangular Bandage :
 usually made from a 40-inch square piece of
cloth, cut from one corner to the opposite to form
a triangle
1).Getting started
 l.I. Planning of action
 l.2. Gathering of needed materials
 l.3. Initial response as follows:
 A Ask for help
 I Intervene
 D Do not further harm
 Ask for help. In a crisis, time is of essence. The more
quickly you recognize an emergency, and the
faster you call for medical assistance, the sooner
the victim will get help. Immediate care can
greatly affect the outcome of an emergency.
 Intervene. To intervene means to do something for
the victim that will help achieve a positive outcome
to an emergency. Sometimes getting medical help
will be all you can do, and this alone may save a
life. In other situation, however, you may become
actively involved in the victim’s initial care by
giving first aid. Let the golden rules of emergency
care guide your effort.
 Do no further harm. Once you have begun first aid,
you want to be certain you don’t do anything that
might cause the victim’s condition to worsen.
Certain actions should always be avoided by
keeping them in mind, you will be able to avoid
adding to or worsening the victim’s illness or injuries.
 l.4. Instruct helpers
 2).Emergency Action Principlesl.
 Survey the scene
 2. Do a primary survey of the victim
 3. Activate medical assistance/transfer facility
 4. Do a secondary survey of the victim

 1. Survey the scene

 Is the scene safe.
 What happened .
 How many people are injured.
 Are there bystanders who can help.
 Identify yourself as a trained first aider.

 2. Do a primary survey of the victim

 A Airway - Is the victim conscious?
 B Breathing - Is the victim breathing?
 C Circulation - Is the victim’s heart beating?
 3. Activate medical assistance/transfer facility
 Activate medical assistance (AMA) or Transfer Facility (In
some emergencies, you’ll have enough time to call for
specific medical advice before administering first aid. But in
some situations, you’ll need to attend to the victim first.)
Depending on the situation:
 a bystander should make the telephone call for help (if
available).
 a bystander will be requested to call for a physician. o
somebody will be asked to arrange for transfer facility.
Information to be remembered in activating medical assistance
 what happened
 number of persons injured
 extent of injury and first aid given
 he telephone number from where you are calling
 person who activated medical assistance must drop the
phone last.
 3. The golden rules of emergency care
3.1. What to do:
 Do obtain consent, when possible.
 Do think the worst, it’s best to administer first aid for the
gravest possibility.
 Do call or send for help.
 Do remember to identify yourself to the victim.
 Do provide comfort and emotional support.
 Do respect the victim’s modesty and physical privacy
 Do be as calm and as direct as possible
 Do care for the most serious injuries first.
 Do assist the victim with his or her prescription
medication.
 Do keep onlookers away from the injured person.
 Do handle the victim to a minimum.
 Do loosen tight clothing.
 2.4. Do a secondary survey of the victim
Interview the victim
 Ask victim’s name
 Ask what happened
 Assess the SAMPLE History
 S - Signs & symptoms
 A - Allergies
 M - Medications
 P - Past medical history
 L - Last oral intake
 E - Events prior to the episode
Check vital signs.:
 Pulse Rate
 Respiratory Rate
 Temperature
 Blood Pressure
 Skin Appearance
 Pupil Reaction
3.2. What not to do:
 Do not let the victim see his own injury.
Do not leave the victim alone except to get help. Do
not assume that the victim’s obvious injuries are the
only ones.
Do not deny a victim’s physical or emotional coping
limitation.
Do not further harm the victim like the following:
1.trying to arouse an unconscious victim.
2.administering fluid/alcoholic drink.
Do not make any unrealistic promises.
 Do not trust the judgement of a confused victim.
Do not require the victim to make decisions.
 Emergency Transfer is a rapid movement of patient
from unsafe place to a place of safety.
 Indications for Emergency Rescue.
Danger of fire or explosion.
Danger of toxic gases or asphyxia due to lack of
oxygen.
Serious traffic hazards.
Risk of drowning.
Danger of electrocution.
Danger of collapsing walls.
 Methods of Rescue
 For immediate rescue without any assistance, drag or pull the
victim in the direction of the long axis of his body preferably
from the shoulder. If possible, minimize lifting or carrying the
injured person before checking for injuries unless you are sure
that there is no major fracture or involvement of his neck or
spine.
 Most of the one-man drags/carries and other transfer methods
can be used as methods of rescue.
 Objectives of the First Aider
When it is necessary to remove a person from a life threatening
situation, the objectives for the first aider are
 To ensure an open airway and to administer artificial respiration
when it is needed.
 To control severe bleeding.
 To check for injuries.
 To immobilize injured parts before extrication of the victim.
 To arrange for transportation.
 To avoid subjecting the victim to any unnecessary disturbance.
 TRANSFER
The first aider may need to initiate transfer of the
victim to shelter, home or medical aid. Skill in the
use of simple techniques of transfer must be
practiced and selection and use of the correct
method is necessary. Selection will depend upon
the following:
Nature and severity of the injury.
Size of the victim.
Physical capabilities of the first aider.
Number of personnel and equipment available.
Nature of evacuation route.
Distance to be covered.
 Sex of the victim (last consideration).
 Pointers to be Observed During Transfer
 Victim’s airway must be maintained open.
 Hemorrhage is controlled.
 Victim is safely maintained in the correct
position.
 Regular check of the victim’s condition is made.
 Supporting bandages and dressing remain
effectively applied.
 The method of transfer is safe, comfortable and as
speedy as circumstances permit.
 The victim’s body is moved as one unit.
 The taller first aiders stay at the head side of the
victim.
 First aiders/bearers must observed ergonomics
(proper body position [back maintained straight]
in lifting weights) in lifting and during transfer of
victim
 One-man assist/Carries/drags

Assist to walk Carry in arms (cradle)

 Two-man assist/carries

Carry by Extremities Hand as a litter

Three-man carries

Hammock Carry
Is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the
body either internal or external.
What is the Classification of wounds
1.Closed wound
It involves the underlying tissue without
break/damage in the skin or mucous
membrane.
Causes:
Blunt object that may result in contusion or
bruises
Application of external forces
 Signs and Symptoms:
 Pain and tenderness
 Swelling
 Discolorations
 Hematoma
 Uncontrolled restlessness
 Symptoms of shock
 Vomiting or cough-up blood
 Passage of blood in the urine or feces
 Sign of blood along mouth, nose and ear canal
First Aid Management
C - Cold Application
S - Splinting
Types of Closed Wounds
 A bruise (contusion) is a very common type of
closed wound, usually caused by blunt trauma.
2.Open wound
 the skin’s surface is broken and blood may come
through the tear in the skin, resulting in external
bleeding (bleeding that is visible on the outside of
the body).
Different types of open wounds
 Puncture- Deep and narrow, serious or slight
bleeding. (Penetrating pointed instruments such
as nail, ice picks, daggers, etc.)
 Abrasion- Shallow, wide, oozing of blood, dirty.
(Scrapping or rubbing against rough surfaces.
 Laceration- Torn with irregular edges, serious or
slight bleeding. (Blunt instruments such as
shrapnel, rocks, broken glasses, etc.)
 Avulsion- Tissue forcefully separated from the
body. (Explosion, animal bites, mishandling of
tools, etc.)
 Incision- Clean cut, deep, severe bleeding,
wound is clean. (Sharp bladed instruments
such as blades, razors, etc.)
 Gunshot wound-is physical trauma due to
a bullet from a firearm.Damage may
include bleeding, broken bones, organ damage,
infection of the wound, or loss of the ability to
move part of the body
First Aid Management
 C - Control Bleeding
 C - Cover the wound with dressing and secure
with a bandage.
 C - Care for shock.
 C - Consult or refer to physician.
 is a traumatic injury to the skin (and sometimes the
underlying tissues as well) caused by contact with
extreme heat, chemicals, radiation or electrici
Types of burn injuries.

Thermal Burns Chemical Burns

https://www.dermnetnz.org
Electrical Burns
(First-degree) burns (Second-degree) burns (Third-degree) burns
Philippine Red Cross
Philippine Red Cross
CRAVAT PHASE

FOREHEAD ARM/LEG PALM PRESSURE

CRAVAT PHASE

Elbow Bended Elbow Straight

 Fracture is a pathological interruption of the bone’s
integrity, caused by an accident or due to a preexisting
pathological status. In other words, fracture is break or
crack in a bone Pain due to nerve
damage
Closed Fracture
Soft tissue damage
Internal bleeding

 Open Fracture occurs when one or more portions of the

bone appear through a wound.
Open Fracture
Closed fracture becomes open
 Closed fracture is when the skin is unbroken.
Restricted Blood flow
 SIGNS OF FRACTURE
 Intense pain in fractured site / extremity.
 Swelling of soft tissues around injury.
 Bruising of soft tissues close to injured site.
 Deformation of extremity.
 Limited or / and painful movement in injured extremity.
 Open wounds and damage to skin and soft tissues.
COMPLICATION OF FRACTURE
Bleeding if open fracture

 Shock due to pain and bleeding

 Infection to wound

 Damage to vessels
and nerves.
 FIRST AID IN BONE AND JOINT
INJURIES
When examining extremity –
check “D”: Deformities, Open
wounds, Tenderness, Swelling.
BEWARE OF: “fancy looking”
extremity, wounds, pain, swelling
of soft tissues, bleeding.
 Feel the pulse BELOW
location of fracture.
 Sensitivity of extremity
BELOW injury – gently
squeeze or press skin on
extremity below suspected
fracture.
 Ask if the patient can move
fingers on affected extremity
 Always remember ABC and Control of BLEEDING.
 Look for signs of severe BLEEDING and SHOCK.
 Move the casualty as less as possible.
 Remove all constricting objects (rings, watches, laces, and
clothing).
 Immobilize the affected area. Use plenty of soft padding to
comfort injured extremity.
 Apply an ice bag (not on an open wound).
Do NOT’s DO’s