ALGEBRA

RATIO, PROPORTION AND VARIATION

I. RATIO

The ratio of two numbers a and b, written a:b, is the

fraction a/b provided b ≠ 0.

II. PROPORTION

A proportion is an equality of two ratios.

RATIO, PROPORTION AND VARIATION

III. VARIATION

x varies directly as y
x varies inversely as y2
x varies jointly as z3 and y2
x varies directly as y and inversely as z2
RATIO, PROPORTION AND VARIATION

Express each of the following ratios as a simplified fraction.

a) 96 : 128
b) 2/3 : 3/4
c) xy2 : x2y
d) (xy2 – x2y) : (x – y)2
RATIO, PROPORTION AND VARIATION

In each of the following proportions determine the value of x.

a) (3 – x): (x + 1) = 2 : 1
b) (x + 3) : 10 = (3x – 2) : 8
c) (x – 1) : (x + 1) = (2x – 4) : (x + 4)
d) Find the fourth proportional of 2, 3 and 6
e) Find the third proportional of 2 and 3.
f) Find the mean proportion between 2 and 8.
RATIO, PROPORTION AND VARIATION

The heat H in calories developed in a conductor of resistance

R ohms when using a current of I amperes, varies jointly as the
square of the current, the resistance of the conductor, and
the time t during which the conductor draws the current.
RATIO, PROPORTION AND VARIATION

The intensity I of a sound wave varies jointly as the square of

its frequency n, the square of its amplitude r, the speed of
sound v, and the density d of the undisturbed medium.
RATIO, PROPORTION AND VARIATION

The pressure p of a given mass of ideal gas varies inversely as

the volume V and directly as the absolute temperature T. To
what pressure must 100 cubic feet of helium at 1 atmosphere
pressure and 253° temperature be subjected to be
compressed to 50 cubic feet when the temperature is 313°?
RATIO, PROPORTION AND VARIATION

If 8 men take 12 days to assemble 16 machines, how many

days will it take 15 men to assemble 50 machines?
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I. Arithmetic Sequence

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 ∗ 𝑑

Specifically,

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑚 ∗ 𝑑

an = nth term of the sequence

a1 = first term of the sequence
am = mth term of the sequence preceding nth term
d = common difference, d = a2 – a1 = an – am
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I. Arithmetic Sequence

**Sum of n terms in an arithmetic sequence;

𝑛
𝑆 = (𝑎1 +𝑎𝑛 )
2
Or
𝑛
𝑆 = (2𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 ∗ 𝑑)
2
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I. Geometric Sequence

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
Specifically,

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑟 𝑛−𝑚

an = nth term of the sequence

a1 = first term of the sequence
am = mth term of the sequence preceding nth term
r = common ratio, r = a2/a1 = an/am
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I. Geometric Sequence

**Sum of the n terms in a geometric sequence

𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛 − 1
𝑆=
𝑟−1

***Sum of Infinite geometric sequence

𝑎1
𝑆=
𝑟−1
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I. Harmonic Sequence

***Harmonic Sequence is just a reciprocal to that of ARITHMETIC

SEQUENCE.
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For the sequence 4, 7, 10 …

a) Common difference
b) Find the 16th term of the progression
c) Find the sum of 1st to 20th term of the progression.
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If the 5th term of the arithmetic progression is 25 and the 15th

term is 75, determine the following:

a) Common difference
b) First term of the sequence
c) Sum of 1st to 20th term of the sequence.
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For the sequence 6, 9, 27/2 …

a) Common ratio
b) Find the 16th term of the progression
c) Find the sum of 1st to 20th term of the progression.
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If the 5th term of the arithmetic progression is 25 and the 15th

term is 1476225, determine the following:

a) Common ratio
b) First term of the sequence
c) Sum of 1st to 20th term of the sequence.
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The distances passed over by a certain pendulum bob in

succeeding swings form the geometric sequence 16,12,9,. . .
inches respectively. Calculate the total distance traversed by
the bob before coming to rest.