EFFECT OF COLD WEATHER

ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES
IN KASHMIR VALLEY

SUBMITTED BY: JUNAID BASHIR

ROLL NO. :46177009
 OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

• INTRODUCTION

• LITERATURE REVIEW

• MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND TEST METHODOLOGY

• RESULTS

• DISCUSSION

• CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION

• Concrete structure is submitted to various temperature changes during its time life.
Concrete best develops its strength when cured at 100% relative humidity and at
temperatures between 10 and 21ºC. Low-temperature conditions create a problem in
winter in the temperate zones and are almost always a problem in the cold regions of
the world. The process of pouring and curing concrete at these low temperatures is
detrimental to the strength of the concrete and expensive when a great amount of
protection is required.
• A concrete having high strength does not necessarily imply that it will have long
service-life. Now the concrete performance was determined in terms of both strength
and durability under anticipated cold weather conditions.
 WHAT IS COLD WEATHER?

• According to Indian Standard, IS-7861 Part II (1981), cold weather

concreting is defined as “Any operation of concreting done at about
5°C atmospheric temperatures or below”.

• According to American Standards for Cold weather concreting ACI 306

which states “Cold weather concreting as a period when for more than
three consecutive days the average daily air temperature is less than
5°C, and the air temperature is not greater than 10°C for more than
one-half of any 24-hour period”.
 OBJECTIVES

• The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior and

performance of cold weather concrete.

• By conducting a series of experiments, the validity and plausibility of

casting quality concrete without the use of conventional cold weather
concreting methods was investigated.
 PRINCIPLES

• The practices and procedures in this report is based on the following

principles concerning cold weather concreting are:

• Concrete protected from freezing until it attains a compressive strength of at

least 3.5 MPa will not be damaged by exposure to a single freezing-and-
thawing cycle.

• Except within heated protective enclosures, little or no external supply of

moisture is recommended during cold weather curing.
 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN CONCRETE
FREEZES?

• Concrete can be placed in cold weather conditions provided adequate precautions are
taken to alleviate the negative impacts of low ambient temperatures. Cold weather
conditions lead to problems with freezing of the concrete at an early age.
• All concrete must be protected from freezing until it has reached a minimum strength of
3.5 MPa, which typically happens within the first 24 hours. If concrete freezes while it is
still fresh or before it has developed sufficient strength to resist the expansive forces
associated with the freezing water, ice formation results in the disruption of the cement
paste matrix causing an irreparable loss in strength.
• Early freezing can result in a reduction of up to 50 percent in the ultimate strength.
Once concrete has attained a compressive strength of around 3.5 MPa, it is generally
considered to have sufficient strength to resist significant expansion and damage if
frozen.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

• Many of the concrete facilities which were constructed during the 1950’s and 1960’s are experiencing
serious distress from exposure to the environment. This task has become increasingly complex in the last
ten years as new products and construction techniques continuously enter the market.

• subfreezing temperatures have on the water held in hardened concrete paste for more than 50 years. The
development of air entrainment in the 1930’s has to a large degree eliminated the problem of frost damage
to concrete. Air entrainment (AE) was considered a revolutionary breakthrough in that it eliminated freeze-
thaw damage to the hardened concrete, increased workability, improved scaling resistance, reduced
permeability and lowered unit weight thus lowering dead load.

• The only drawback to using AE was the loss of compressive strength that accompanied replacing 5 to 6
percent of the concrete volume with air.
 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH

• Malhotra et al. (1986): In 1986 Malhotra conducted an extensive program which

studied strength and freeze-thaw durability of silica fume concrete utilizing very low
water/cement ratios.
• Whiting et al. (1979): In 1979, Whiting, Perenchio, and Kantro published the results of
a study which investigated the effect of superplasticizers on several properties of
concrete including frost resistance
• Teoduro et al. (1987): Teoduro published the results of a study investigating the role
of aggregate in determining the frost resistance of concrete. A total of 12 mixtures
were cast in four series and only the results of the freeze-thaw testing was reported.
 MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND TEST
METHODOLOGY
• The various materials required for this project work include cement of grade 43
conforming to IS 12269-1987.
• The fine aggregate confirming to IS 383-1987, were collected from Ganderbal and coarse
aggregate confirming to IS 383-1987 were also collected from Ganderbal.
• The origin of both the fine and coarse aggregate is river Sindh. Concrete was prepared by
mixing various constituents like cement, aggregate, water etc. which are economically
available.
• Ordinary Portland cement of grade 43 was used throughout the project. The fine
aggregates used in this investigation was clean river sand, whose maximum size is 4.75
mm, conforming to grading zone Ⅱ.
 CASTING OF TEST SPECIMEN
(AS PER IS:516-1959)

• PREPARATION OF MATERIALS
• DESIGN MIX CONCRETE
DESIGN MIX PROPORTION OF MATERIALS

Cement Fine aggregates Coarse aggregates Water

442.80 kg/m3 680 kg/m3 1170 kg/m3 186 Lts/m3

1 1.52 2.64 0.42

• COMPACTION OF TEST SPECIMEN (AS PER :516-1959)

 TESTING PROCEDURES

• WORKABILITY TEST

• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

• FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST

• SPLITING TENSILE TEST

 RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION

• WORKABILITY TEST
• The standard value for workability at temperature (25+2°C) = 80mm
• Effect of cold weather temperature on slump flow:

S. No. Sample No. Slump Test Value (mm)

01 Sample 1 94

02 Sample 2 93

• Average Slump (in mm) = (94+93)/2 =93.5mm

GRAPH SHOWING CHANGE IN SLUMP VALUE
DUE TO LOW TEMPERATURE
Cold weather
95

90
Slump Value ( in mm )

85

80

75

70
2 25
Tempearture Range ( In °C )
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Age at Compressive strength in Compressive strength in

MPa MPa
test
S. NO.
(At Standard Temperature) (Cold Weather Condition)
(in days) Remarks
18-27°C -2 to 5°C

01 3day 12.35 9.82 20.48% decrease

02 7-day 20.28 16.21 20.06% decrease

03 14-day 28.64 22.43 21.68% decrease

04 28-days 31.40 26.06 17.01% decrease

COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
BETWEEN COLD WEATHER & STANDARD
WEATHER
35

30

25
Compressive Strength ( MPa )

20

Cold weather
15
Standard weather

10

0
3 day 7 days 14 days 28 days
Age at Test (in days)
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH

Age at test Flexural strength in MPa Flexural strength in MPa

S. NO. (At Standard Temperature) (Cold Weather Condition)
(in days) 18-23°C -2 to 5°C Remarks

02 7-day 3.12 2.32 25.64% Decrease

03 14-day 3.72 2.98 19.89% Decrease

04 28-days 3.92 3.36 14.29% Decrease

 COMPARISON OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH
BETWEEN COLD WEATHER AND STANDARD
WEATHER
4.5

3.5

3
Flexural Strength ( MPa )

2.5

2 Cold weather
Standard weather
1.5

0.5

0
7 days 14 days 28 days
Age at Test (in days)
 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

Split Tensile strength in

Age at test Split Tensile strength in MPa
MPa
S. NO. (At Standard Temperature)
(Cold Weather Condition)
(in days) 18-23°C Remarks
-2 to 5°C

01 7-day 2.44 2.01 17.62 % Decrease

02 14-day 2.97 2.48 16.49 % Decrease

03 28-days 3.32 2.80 15.66 % Decrease

COMPARISON OF SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
BETWEEN COLD WEATHER AND STANDARD
WEATHER
3.5

3
Split Tensile Strength ( in MPa )

2.5

Cold weather
1.5
Standard weather

0.5

0
7 days 14 days 28 days
Age at Test (in days)
 DISCUSSIONS

• How to Place Concrete in Cold Weather?

• Cold Weather Concreting Guidelines

• Precautions for Cold-Weather Concreting

• Curing of cold weather concrete

• Things to avoid when working with concrete in cold weather

 CONCLUSION

• The Workability at lower temperature has shown almost 17% increase when
compared to same mix in normal temperature.
• The compressive strength gets mostly affected in cold weather concrete as it is the
only property which is very important regarding with the structures constructed in
colder regions.
• The flexural strength in the lower temperature has also been reduced as compared to
the normal temperature flexural strength in the same mix design.
• The Split Tensile strength in the lower temperature has also been reduced as
compared to the normal temperature Split Tensile strength in the same mix design.