Historical Foundations for Patient

Education
• Patient education has been a part of health care
since the first healer gave the first patient advice

• Although the term patient education was not

specifically used, considerable efforts by the
earliest healers to inform, encourgae, and caution
patients to follow appropriate hygienic and
therapeutic measures occured even in prehistoric
time.
Historical Foundations for Patient
Education
• Mid-1800's-20th century- formative period and
the first phase in development of organized
health care, key factors influenced the growth of
patient education

• 1960's-1970's- patient education began to be

seen as specific task in educating individual
patients rather than providing general public
education
Historical Foundations for Patient
Education
• 1971- 2 significant events occured:
1. a publication from the US department of
health, education, and welfare, titled The need for
patient education education , emphasized a
concept of patient education that provided
information about disease and treatment as well as
teaching patients how to stay healthy
Historical Foundations for Patient
Education
• 1971- 2 significant events occured:
2. president Nixon appointed the President's
committee on health education, which
recommended that hospitals offer health education
to families of patients
Historical Foundations for Patient
Education
Early 1970's - patient education was significantly
part of the AHA's statement on a Patient's Bill of
Rights that outlines patients rights to receive
current information about their diagnosis,
treatment, and prognosis in understandable terms
as well as information that enables them to make
informed decisions about their health care.
Historical Foundations for Patient
Education
1980's-1990's- national health education
programs became popular as healthcare trends
focused on disease prevention and health
promotion.

21st century- Institute for health care

improvement announced the 5 million lives
campaign in 2006 to reduce the 15 million
incidents of medical harm in the US hospitals each
year.
Historical Foundations for Patient
Education
21st century- formation of the Sullivan Alliance to
recruit and educate health professionals, including
nurses, to deliver culturally competent care to the
public they serve.

- healthy people 2000

-healthy people 2010
-healthy people 2020
Historical Foundations for Patient
Education
21st century-
Thus, since the 1980's the role of the nurse as
educator has undergone a paradigm shift,
eveolving from what was a disease oriented
approach to a more prevention-oriented approach.

The focus of teaching for the promotion and

maintenance of health.. Initially, education was
part of the discharge planning but expanded to
become a part of the comprehensive plan of care
accross the coninuum of the health care delivery
OVERVIEW OF
EDUCATION IN HEALTH
Historical Foundations of Educator's Role
 Health education has long been
considered a standard care-giving role

 Patient teaching is recognized as an

independent function.
Legal Basis of Health Education in the
Philippines
• The Philippine Constitution of 1987, Art. 11,
Sec 15 states that:

“The state shall protect and promote right to

health of the people and instill health
consciousness among them.”
• The government’s role in providing for the means in
which people can enjoy their right to health is further
expressed in Art. XIII, Sec. 11 stated as follows:

Section 11. “The State shall adopt an integrated and

comprehensive approach to health development which
shall endeavor to make essential goods, health and
other social services available to all people at
affordable cost. There shall be priority for the needs of
the underprivileged sick, elderly, disabled, women and
children.”
Trends Affecting Health Care
• Social, economic, and political forces that affect a
nurse’s role in teaching:
- Federal initiatives outlined in Health People 2010
- Growth of managed care
- Increased attention to health and well-being of
everyone in society
- Cost containment measures to control healthcare
expenses
- Concern for continuing education as vehicle to
prevent malpractice and incompetence
- Expanding scope and depth of nurses’ practice
responsibilities
- Consumers demanding more knowledge and skills
for self-care
- Demographic trends influencing type and amount
of health care needed
- Recognition of lifestyle related diseases which are
largely preventable
- Health literacy increasingly required
- Advocacy for self-help groups
 Purpose, Benefits, and Goals of Patient,
Staff and Student Education
 Purpose: to increase the competence and
confidence of patients to manage their own self-care
and of staff and students to deliver high-quality care

 Benefits of education to patients:

- Increases consumer satisfaction
- Improves quality of life
- Ensures continuity of care
- Reduces incidence of illness complications
- Increases compliance with treatment
Benefits cont....
- Decreases anxiety
- Maximizes independence
Benefits cont....

 Benefits of education to staff

- Enhances job satisfaction
- Improves therapeutic relationships
- Increases autonomy in practice
- Improves knowledge and skills
 Benefits cont....

 Benefits of preceptor education for nursing

students:
- Prepared clinical preceptors
- Continuity of teaching/learning from classroom
curriculum
- Evaluation and improvement of student clinical skills

Goal: to increase self-care responsibility of clients and

to improve the quality of care delivered by nurses
The Education Process
Definition of Terms

Education Process: a systematic, sequential,

planned course of action on the part of both the
teacher and learner to achieve the outcomes of
teaching and learning

Teaching/Instruction: a deliberate intervention

that involves sharing information and experiences
to meet the intended learner outcomes
cont...
Learning: a change in behavior (knowledge, skills,
and attitudes) that can be observed and
measured, and can occur at any time or in any
place as a result of exposure to environmental
stimuli

Patient Education: the process of helping clients

learn health-related behaviors to achieve the goal
of optimal health and independence in self-care
cont....
Staff Education: the process of helping nurses
and other healthcare practitioners acquire
knowledge, attitudes, and skills to improve the
delivery of quality care to the consumer
Education Process Parallels Nursing
Process
Nursing Process Education Process
Appraise physical and ASSESSMENT Ascertain learning
psychosocial needs needs, readiness to
learn, and learning styles
Develop care plan based PLANNING Develop teaching plan
on mutual goal setting to based on mutually
meet individual needs predetermined
behavioral outcomes to
meet individual needs
Carry out nursing care IMPLEMENTATION Perform the act of
interventions using teaching using specific
standard procedures instructional methods
and tools
Determine physical and EVALUATION Determine behavior
psychosocial outcomes changes (outcomes) in
knowledge, attitudes,
and skills
Education Process Parallels Nursing
Process
Nursing Education
Process Process
Appraise ASSESSMENT Ascertain
physical and learning needs,
psychosocial readiness to
needs learn, and
learning styles
Education Process Parallels Nursing
Process
Nursing Education
Process Process

Develop care PLANNING Develop

plan based on teaching plan
mutual goal based on
setting to mutually
meet predetermine
individual d behavioral
Education Process Parallels Nursing
Process
Nursing Process Education Process

Carry out IMPLEMEN- Perform the

nursing care TATION act of
interventions teaching
using using specific
standard instructional
procedures methods and
tools
Education Process Parallels Nursing
Process
Nursing Process Education Process

Determine EVALUATION Determine

physical and behavior
psychosocial changes
outcomes (outcomes) in
knowledge,
attitudes, and
skills
Role & functions of health Professionals
as Educator
 Acts in the role of educator for a diverse audience of
learners—patients and their family members, and other
agency personnel.

 Function in the role of educator as:

- The giver of information
- The assessor of needs
- The evaluator of learning
- The reviser of appropriate methodology
Role & functions of health Professionals
as Educator
Collaborates with health specialist & civic groups
in assessing community health needs & availability
of resources & services & in developing goals for
meeting needs of client's

Designs & conducts evaluation & diagnostic

studies to asses the quality & performance of
health education programs
Role & functions of health Professionals
as Educator
Develops & implements health education &
promotion programs such as trainings, workshops,
conferences, school or community projects

Develops operational plans & policies necessary to

achieve health education objectives & services

Develops, conducts, or coordinates health needs

assessment & other public health surveys
Role & functions of health Professionals
as Educator
Prepares & distributes health education materials
such as reports, bulletins & visual aids

Provides guidance to agencies & organizations in

the assessment of health education needs & in
development & delivery of health education
programs

Provides program information to the public such as

press release, media campaigns or in web sites
 Why do educators need to teach?
• Increase client's awareness & knowledge of their
health status
• Increase client satisfaction
• Improve quality of life
• Ensure continuity of care
• Decrease patient anxiety
 Why do educators need to teach?
• Increase self-reliant behavior
• Reduce effectively the incidence of
complications of illness
• Promote adherence to healthcare treatment
plans
• Maximize independence in the performance on
the ADL’s
• Energize & empower consumers to become
actively involved in the planning of their care
 Barriers to Teaching
• Barriers to teaching are those factors impeding the
health professionals ability to optimally deliver
educational services.
• Major barriers include:
- Lack of time to teach
- Inadequate preparation of nurses to assume the
role of educator with confidence and competence
- Personal characteristics
- Low-priority status given to teaching
- Environments not conducive to the teaching-
learning process
cont...
- Absence of 3rd party reimbursement
- Doubt that patient education effectively changes
outcomes
- Inadequate documentation system to allow for efficiency
and ease of recording the quality and quantity of teaching
efforts
 Obstacles to Learning
• Obstacles to learning are those factors that negatively
impact on the learner’s ability to attend to and
process information.

• Major obstacles include:

• Limited time due to rapid discharge from care
• Stress of acute and chronic illness, anxiety, sensory
deficits, and low literacy
• Functional health illiteracy
• Lack of privacy or social isolation of health-care
environment
cont..
- Situational and personal variations in readiness to learn,
motivation and compliance, and learning styles

- Extent of behavioral changes required

- Lack of support and positive reinforcement from providers

and/or significant others

- Denial of learning needs, resentment of authority and

locus of control issues

- Complexity, inaccessibility, and fragmentation, of the

healthcare system
Assignment
Explain the salient points in each of the following
psychological learning theories:
1. Behaviorist theory
2. Cognitive learning theory
3. Social learning theory
4. Psychodynamic learning theory
5. Humanistic learning theory

Write in a short bond paper legibly (hand written)