Hydrodynamic Training

May 2006

Flavia Rezende
flavia.rezende@bureauveritas.com

For the benefit of business and people

 Services: Research Department
Training AGENDA

- AGENDA

Day 04/06/2006
9:30 – 10:00 – Presentation
10:00 – 11:00 – Aspects of the sea
11:00 – 12:00 – Probability Concepts
12:00 – 13:30 – Lunch
13:30 – 16:00 – Statistics of the Sea
16:00 – 16:30 – Doubts Clarification

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 Services: Research Department
Training AGENDA

- AGENDA

Day 05/06/2006
9:30 – 12:00 – Wave Theory
12:00 – 13:30 – Lunch
13:30 – 16:00 – Interaction wave-body
16:00 – 16:30 – Doubts Clarification

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 Services: Research Department
Training AGENDA

- AGENDA

Day 06/06/2006

9:30 – 11:00 – Second Order Problem

11:00 – 12:00 – Forward Speed Problem
12:00 – 13:30 – Lunch
13:30 – 14:30 – Shallow Water Problem
14:30 – 16:00 – Coupled Analysis
16:00 – 16:30 – Doubts Clarification

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 Services: Research Department
Training AGENDA

- AGENDA
Day 07/06/2006

9:30 – 12:00 – HydroStar

12:00 – 13:30 – Lunch
13:30 – 16:00 – HydroStar
16:00 – 16:30 – Doubts Clarification

Day 08/06/2006

9:30 – 12:00 – Practical Examples

12:00 – 13:30 – Lunch
13:30 – 16:00 – Practical Examples

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Training

Presentation
1. Introduce Yourselves

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Training
1. Introduction
2. Aspects of the sea
Resume 3. Probability Concepts
First Part 4. Statistics of the Sea
5. Wave Models
6. Interaction Wave-Body
7. Second Order Problem
8. Forward Speed Problem
9. Shallow Water Problem
10. Coupled Analysis

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Training 3. OVERVIEW

 Conventions used in HydroStar

1
• 180° head sea
• 0° following sea
• 90°/270° beam sea
INTRODUCTION

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Training 1. INTRODUCTION

- WHAT IS HYDRODYNAMICS?

HYDRODYNAMICS is the science of expressing the

movement of the fluid in mathematical formulas

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Training 1. INTRODUCTION

The application of the hydrodynamic theory on the study of

the sea action on ships constitutes a big work area in the
naval architeture

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Training 3. OVERVIEW

 Conventions used in HydroStar

2
• 180° head sea
• 0° following sea
• 90°/270° beam sea
ASPECTS OF THE SEA

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Training 2. ASPECTS OF THE SEA

 What are water waves?

Water waves are a manifestation of energy moving through the ocean

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Training 2. ASPECTS OF THE SEA

What causes the waves?

There must exist a disturbing force to create a wave. The type of force
determines the characteristics of the waves.

There are three main wave generation force:

• Gravitational attraction of moon and sun - Tides

• Earthquakes and underwater slides – Tsunami
• Wind friction over the ocean – Wind Waves

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Training 2. ASPECTS OF THE SEA

What causes the waves?

• Gravitational attraction of moon and sun - Tides

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Training 2. ASPECTS OF THE SEA

What causes the waves?

• Earthquakes and underwater slides - Tsunamis

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Training 2. ASPECTS OF THE SEA

What causes the waves?

• Wind friction over the ocean – Wind Waves

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Training 2. ASPECTS OF THE SEA

Wind Waves
• The wind waves are the most important for naval applications

•The periods of the wind waves vary from approximately 3s to 20s

•The size of the waves depends on 3 factors:

- the strength of the wind;

- the amount of time the wind blows;
- the distance (fetch) over which the wind blows in a straight
direction across the ocean

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Training 2. ASPECTS OF THE SEA

Wind Waves - Swell

• The swell are wind waves that travel far from the region of wind action

•The wave crests the swell are rounded as they are far from the influence
of the wind

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Training 2. ASPECTS OF THE SEA

Wind Waves - Reffraction

• The wave reffraction occurs in shallow water due to velocity variation of
the waves in different water depth

•The slower waves bend towards the coast

•The waves become parallel to the coast

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Training 2. ASPECTS OF THE SEA

Wind Waves - Diffraction

• When the wave encounters an obstacle, it will be diffracted in many
directions modifying the pressure field of the indident flow around the
obstacle

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Training 3. ASPECTS OF THE SEA

HOW TO STUDY THE SEA?

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Training 3. ASPECTS OF THE SEA

HOW TO STUDY THE SEA?

• Observing the sea, the waves pattern may seem completely
chaotic:

“The basic law of the seaway is the apparent lack of any law”
Lord Rayleigh
• How to realistically describe the values to, for example:

- The height of the waves

- The direction of the waves

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Training 3. OVERVIEW

 Conventions used in HydroStar

3
• 180° head sea
• 0° following sea
• 90°/270° beam sea

PROBABILITY CONCEPTS

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Training 3. PROBABILITY CONCEPTS

RANDOM VARIABLE
•Random Variable: function that associates a unique numerical value
with every outcome of an experiment.

• There are two types of random variable – discrete and continuous

- discrete: assume only a countable number of distinct values;
- continuous: assume an infinite number of possible values

• Examples:
- a coin is tossed ten times. The random variable X is the
number of tails that are noted.

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Training 3. PROBABILITY CONCEPTS

EXPECTED VALUE

• The expected value of a random variable indicates its average or

central value.

• Stating the expected value gives a general impression of some

random variable without giving full details

• The expected value of a random variable X is symbolized by E(X) or μ

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Training 3. PROBABILITY CONCEPTS

VARIANCE

• The variance of a random variable is a non negative number which

gives an idea of how widely spread the random variable are likely to
be.

• Stating the variance gives an idea of how closely concentrated

round the expected value the distribution is.

• The variance of a random variable X is symbolized by V(X) or Var(X)

or σ2

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Training 3. PROBABILITY CONCEPTS

VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION

• The largest the variance, the further that the individual values of the
random variable tend to be from the mean;

• The smaller the variance, the closer that individual values of the
random variable tend to be to the mean;

• Taking the square root of the variance gives the standard deviation:

V( x )   2  

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Training 3. PROBABILITY CONCEPTS

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
• The probability distribution of a discrete random variable is a list of
probabilities associated with each of its possible values.

• The probability distribution of a discrete random variable X is a

function which gives the probability p(xi) that the random variable
equals xi, for each value xi:

p(xi) = p (X=xi)

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Training 3. PROBABILITY CONCEPTS

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
• Normal distribution model continuous random variable. The wave
elevations follow this distribution.

•This probability density function is a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve,

shaped at its expected value.

•Examples:

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Training 3. PROBABILITY CONCEPTS

RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION
• The wave height follow the Hayleigh distribution

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Training 3. PROBABILITY CONCEPTS

CHARACTERISTIC STATISTIC VALUES

• Considering the Rayleigh distribution, the mean value of ζ1/n of the

random variable X, for which the probability of exceed is 1/n is
defined as:
- mean value 1/n = 1/2
- significative value 1/n = 1/3
- value 1/n = 1/10
- value 1/n = 1/100
• Other important value is the critic value corresponding to 1/n =
1/1000:

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Training 3. PROBABILITY CONCEPTS

CHARACTERISTIC STATISTIC VALUES

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Training 3. OVERVIEW

 Conventions used in HydroStar

4
• 180° head sea
• 0° following sea
• 90°/270° beam sea

STATISTICS OF THE SEA

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Training 4. STATISTICS OF THE SEA

Sea Spectrum
• The spectral density represents the distribution of the wave energy
in frequencies
• The simplest way to understand this characteristic is to consider the
elevation signal as the superposition of regular waves

( t )   Ai cos( i t   i )
i

•The mean energy per area is defined as:


1 [ A( )] 2
E g  d
2 
Ts

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Training 4. STATISTICS OF THE SEA

Sea Spectrum
•The spectral density is:
[ A( )] 2
S ( ) 
Ts

• The total energy is:


1
E g  S ( ) d
2 

•The moments of the spectrum can be defined as:


mn    n S(  ) d
0

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Training 4. STATISTICS OF THE SEA

Sea Spectrum

• The mean period is defined as:

m0
Tm  2
m1
•The peak period Tp is defined when the S(ω) passes through its
maximum value at ωp = 2π/ Tp

•And the zero crossing period is defined as:

m0
Tz  2  T2
m2

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Training 4. STATISTICS OF THE SEA

Empirical Spectrum – 1 parameter based on the

wind velocity
• Pierson – Moskowitz

•Neumann

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Training 4. STATISTICS OF THE SEA

Empirical Spectrum– 1 parameter based on the

wind velocity
• Darbyshire Spectrum

where

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Training 4. STATISTICS OF THE SEA

Empirical Spectrum– 1 parameter based on the

wind velocity
• Darbyshire Spectrum

where

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Training 4. STATISTICS OF THE SEA

Empirical Spectrum– 1 parameter based on the

wind velocity
• British Towing Tank Panel

where

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Training 4. STATISTICS OF THE SEA

Empirical Spectrum– 1 parameter based on the

significative wave height H

• International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC)

where

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Training 4. STATISTICS OF THE SEA

Empirical Spectrum– 2 parameter based

on the significative height H and on the
period T1
• Pierson-Moskowitz or International Ship Structure
Committee (ISSC)

where

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Training 4. STATISTICS OF THE SEA

Empirical Spectrum– 2 parameter based

on the significative height H and on the
period T1
• Neumann

• Bretschneider

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Training 4. STATISTICS OF THE SEA

Empirical Spectrum– 2 parameter based

on the significative height H and on the
period T1
• Darbyshire (1952) according to Bretschneider (1959)

• Darbyshire (1955) according to Bretschneider (1959)

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Training 4. STATISTICS OF THE SEA

Empirical Spectrum– 2 parameter based

on the significative height H and on the
period T1
• Voznesenski-Netsvetayev

• Krylov

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Training 4. STATISTICS OF THE SEA

Empirical Spectrum– 2 parameter based

on the significative height H and on the
period T1
• JONSWAP (Joint North Sea Wave Project)

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Training 4. STATISTICS OF THE SEA

JONSWAP

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Training 4. STATISTICS OF THE SEA

Response of a floating body

• Assuming the following conditions:
- The waves are considering as a stochastic process,
normally distributed with mean equals to zero
- The wave spectrum and the body response spectrum is
considered to be narrow banded
- The probability density functions and the excitation and
response spectra are considered to be time independent
- The irregular sea is composed by the superposition of
several regular waves

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Training 4. STATISTICS OF THE SEA

Response of a floating body

• The relation between the excitation and the response in a linear
system is based on:
- The response of a system to a monochromatic excitation is
also monochromatic
- If the random variable that represents the excitation follows
a Gauss process, the response will also be a Gauss process
- the amplification transference function can be constructed
computing the response of the body to a monochromatic
excitation varying the frequency

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Training 4. STATISTICS OF THE SEA

Response of a floating body

• The response spectrum can be obtained from the excitation
spectrum through:

S R ( )  S ( ) RAO 2

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Training 4. STATISTICS OF THE SEA

Short Term and Long Term Analysis

• When the response of a body is calculated for a
determined sea state and the extreme values of
response are obtained, the analysis is called
short term

• When the response is calculated for all the sea states

and the composition of the responses is analyzed, the
analysis is called long term

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