8051 Microcontroller

Microprocessor
• Microprocessor is a general purpose digital
computer central processing unit (CPU). It is
also called as “computer on-chip”
 Microprocessor
• General purpose microprocessors such as Intel
x86 family (8086,80286,80386,80486 and the
Pentium) or Motorola’s 680x0 family
(68000,68101,68020,68030 etc.).
• It has no RAM, no ROM and no I/O ports on
chip itself. So its is referred as general purpose
microprocessors.
 Microcontroller
• Microcontroller is a computer on chip. It has a
CPU (a Microprocessor) in addition to fixed
amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timer
are embedded together on one chip.
• It is difficult to add external
memory, I/O, timer etc. So a
fixed amount of on-chip ROM,
RAM and number of I/O ports in
microcontroller.
Applications
 Applications
 Home
 Appliances, intercom, telephones, security systems, garage door
openers, answering machines, fax machines, TVs, cable TV tuner, VCR,
camcorder, remote controls, video games, cellular phones, musical
instruments, sewing machines, lighting control, paging, camera, pinball
machines, toys, exercise equipment.
 Office
 Telephones, security systems, fax machines, microwave, copier, laser
printer, color printer, paging.
 Auto
 Navigation system, engine control, air bag, ABS, instrumentation,
security system, transmission control, entertainment, climate control,
cellular phone, keyless entry.
Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
 How to choose a Microcontroller?
• 1. Which MC can be chosen? whether 8-bit,
16-bit, 32-bit.
– Speed
– Package format
• Power consumption
• No. of I/O pins and timer on chip
• Upgradation to high performance with low
power consumption.
 How to choose a Microcontroller?
• How easy to develop products around it? (i.e
availability of assembler, debugger, C
compiler, emulator, technical support etc. )
• Availability of MC in the required quantity
now and future
Recent processor
 Features of 8051
 Cost-effective − The microprocessor chips are
available at low prices and results its low cost.
 Size − The microprocessor is of small size chip, hence
is portable.
 Low Power Consumption − Microprocessors are
manufactured by using metaloxide semiconductor
technology, which has low power consumption.
 Versatility − The microprocessors are versatile as we
can use the same chip in a number of applications by
configuring the software program.
 Reliability − The failure rate of an IC in
microprocessors is very low, hence it is reliable.
 List of Terms Used in a
Microprocessor
• Instruction Set − It is the set of instructions that the microprocessor
can understand.
• Bandwidth − It is the number of bits processed in a single
instruction.
• Clock Speed − It determines the number of operations per second
the processor can perform. It is expressed in megahertz (MHz) or
gigahertz (GHz).It is also known as Clock Rate.
• Word Length − It depends upon the width of internal data bus,
registers, ALU, etc. An 8-bit microprocessor can process 8-bit data
at a time. The word length ranges from 4 bits to 64 bits depending
upon the type of the microcomputer.
• Data Types − The microprocessor has multiple data type formats
like binary, BCD, ASCII, signed and unsigned numbers.
 What are RISC and CISC?
• A complex instruction set computer is a computer
where single instructions can perform numerous low-
level operations like a load from memory, an arithmetic
operation, and a memory store or are accomplished by
multi-step processes or addressing modes in single
instructions, as its name propose “Complex Instruction
Set ”.
• A reduced instruction set computer is a computer
which only uses simple commands that can be divided
into several instructions which achieve low-level
operation within a single CLK cycle, as its name
propose “Reduced Instruction Set ”
 Comparison Between RISC and
CISC
• RISC stands for ‘Reduced Instruction Set
Computer Whereas, CISC stands for Complex
Instruction Set Computer. The RISC
processors have a smaller set of instructions
with few addressing nodes. The CISC
processors have a larger set of instructions
with many addressing nodes.
Harvard architecture – diagram
Von Neumann architecture – diagram
Modified Harvard Architecture
 Examples of 8-bit µC
 Motorola’s 6811
 Intel’s 8051
 Zilog’s Z8
The 8051 family has the largest number of
 Microchip’s PICdiversified (multiple source) suppliers:
o Intel (original)
o Atmel
o Philips/Signetics
o AMD
o Infineon (formerly Siemens)
o Matra
o Dallas Semiconductor/Maxim
 8051 µC features
• Intel introduced 8051, referred as MCS-51, in 1981
• The 8051 is an 8-bit processor
• The CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at a time
• 1 to 16 MHz clock
• The 8051 has
• 128 bytes of RAM
• 4K bytes of on-chip ROM
• Two timers
• One serial port
• Four I/O ports, each 8 bits wide
• 2 external and 3 internal interrupt sources
 contd.
• 8051 instruction cycle consists of 12 clock cycles.
• Application should be run using slower clock speed to reduce
power consumption.
• Dallas version of 8051 is 87C51 has EPROM as control store
and CMOS device:
• 4Kbyte of Control store
• 128 bytes of RAM
• 32 I/O lines
• Two 8/16-bit times
• Multiple internal and external interrupts sources
• Programmable serial ports
Architecture of 8051
 Architecture of 8051
• It consists of
– CPU
– RAM
– ROM/EPROM
– Input/Output ports
– Special Function Register
Organization of Internal RAM of 8051
Special Function Register
Program Status Word (PSW)
Register bank Select
External Program Memory
Accessing External Program memory
External Data Memory
Accessing data memory