WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

LEADER : KAMILA YVETTE BARAYOGA

MEMBERS : DARVIN MONTES LAURENCE MEJIA

MYKEE PAREDES BEVERLY ANICAS

GLEZELLE HIDALGO ABEGAIL MONTA
BANNYLIN MANGAOANG
COURSE OUTLINE

• Water soluble vitamins

• Vitamin C
• Vitamin B complex

• B-Complex Vitamins
• Group I : Classic Disease Factors
• Group II : More Recently Discovered Coenzyme Factors
• Group III : Cell Growth and Blood-forming Factors
• Group IV : Other Related Factors (pseudo-vitamins)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• After the lecture/discussion:

• The students will be able to state at least 7 out of 9 B-complex vitamins and their importance
• The students will be able to distinguish the classic disease factors regarding Vitamin B
Complex deficiency.
• The students will understand the importance of Vitamin B in our daily diet.
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

• The water-soluble vitamins are Vitamin C or ascorbic acid and the B complex vitamins.Vit. C
is called the "fresh food vitamin" since it is found in the growing parts of plants. All raw fresh fruits
and vegetables contain ascorbic acid in varying amounts.Vit C performs a number of biological
roles as well as serves as an antioxidant.
• The B-complex vitamins important in human nutrition are:
Thiamine Riboflavin
Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12
Niacin Folic acid
Panthotenic acid Choline

Inositol Biotin
VITAMIN C

A. Chemical and physical nature

• A.1 water soluble acid, easily oxidated, unstable
• A.2 other animals can synthesize vit C from glucose but humans lack the necessary enzyme

B. Absorption and storage

• B.1 easily absorbed by the small intestine
• B.2 not stored in tissue depots
C. Physiologic functions

• C.1 vit c is needed in the formation and maintenance of intracellular cementing

substance. This cementing substance is simply explained as a "binder" that holds
cells in proper relation to each other as to cellular fluids which bathe and
nourish them.
• C.2 converts folic avid into its active form, FOLINIC ACID
• C.3 it aids in the healing of wounds and bone
• C.4 prevents megaloblasric anemia and pinpoint hemorrhages (petechiae
hemorrhages)
• C.5 build body resistance against infection
• C.6 helps produce steroid hormones (adrenocortical hormones)
• C.7 necessary for tyrosine and phenylalanine metabolism
• C.8 it improves iron absorption
• C.9 plays vital role in brain metabolism
• C.10 has antioxidant action
D. Stability
• Much ascorbic acid is lost in cooking or thrown out in the cooking water. Bruising, cutting,
and allowing fruits and vegetables to be exposed to the air cause much loss of ascorbic acid.
Vit C is less destroyed when food is cooked quickly in small amounts in boiling water and
coveres tightly. Quick freezing of food preserves vitamins. Refrigeration aids retention.
E. Deficiency
• E.1 irritability
• E.2 general weakness
• E.3 lack of appetite
• E.4 lowered resistance to infections
• E.5 pallor
• E.6 scurvy
F.Toxicity
• There is no toxicity or hypervitaminosis C since the vitamin cannot be stored in the body.
G. Requirement or allowance
• Male needs more vit C then females do.Vit C meds are also increased during the growth
period, with the older age groups requiring more. Physiological stresses like pregnancy and
lactation and other stress factors such as surgery, illness, infection, shock, and injuries need
higher vit C intakes.
B-COMPLEX VITAMINS

• B vitamins are a group of nutrients that play many important roles in your body. Most people get
the recommended amounts of these vitamins through diet alone since they are found in a wide
variety of foods. However, factors like age, pregnancy, dietary choices, medical conditions, genetics,
medication and alcohol use increase the body’s demand for B vitamins. In these circumstances,
supplementing with B vitamins may be necessary.
• Nutritional supplements that contain all eight B vitamins are referred to as B-complex vitamins.
• B-complex supplements usually pack all eight B vitamins into one pill. B vitamins are water-soluble,
which means your body does not store them. For this reason, your diet must supply them each day.
B vitamins have many important functions and are vital for maintaining good health.
• Who Should Take a B-Complex Vitamin?
• Pregnant or Breastfeeding Women
• During pregnancy, the demand for B vitamins, particularly B12 and folate, grows to support fetal
development.
• In women who are pregnant or breastfeeding, especially those who follow vegetarian or vegan diets,
supplementing with a B-complex vitamin is crucial.
• B12 or folate deficiency in pregnant or breastfeeding women can lead to severe neurological damage
or birth defects in the fetus or infant
• Older Adults
• As you age, your ability to absorb vitamin B12 decreases and your appetite declines, making it difficult for
some people to get enough B12 through diet alone.

• Those With Certain Medical Conditions

• People with certain medical conditions, such as celiac disease, cancer, Crohn’s disease, alcoholism,
hypothyroidism and anorexia, are more susceptible to developing nutrient deficiencies, including B
vitamins.

• Vegetarians and Vegans

• Vitamin B12 is naturally found in animal products like meat, dairy, eggs and seafood.
• Vegans and strict vegetarians could be at risk of developing a B12 deficiency if they don’t get enough of
this vitamin through fortified foods or supplements
THIAMINE (B1)

A. Functions
• A.1 thiamine is an integral part of the coenzyme factor, thiamine pyrophosphate or TPP,
needed for carbohydrate metabolism
• A.2 it helps maintain healthy appetite, good muscle tone, especially of the GI tract, and normal
functioning of

B. Stability
• Loss of vitamin in cooking is highly variable depending on the pH of the food, time,
temperature, quantity of water used and discarded and the use of sodium bicarbonate to
enhance the green color of vegetables. Freezing has little or no effect on the thiamine content
of food nerves
C. Deficiency
• c.1 loss of appetite • c.6 gastric atony

• c.2 weakness • c.7 poor reflexes and irritability

• c.3 easy fatigability • c.8 retarded growth

• c.4 indigestion • c.9 numbness of extremities

• c.5 severe constipation • c.10 beriberi - also called nutritional

Mpolyneuritis
TYPES OF BERIBERI

• Infantile beriberi -usually occurs in infants 2 to 5 months of age whose main food is milk from
a mother suffering from beriberi

• Wet beriberi - is evidenced by edema of both lower extremities which progresses upward to
body cavities such as abdomen and chest

• Dry beriberi- involves the peripheral nerves. There is a feeling of "pins and needles"
(paresthesia) in toes, gradual loss of touch sensation, muscle weakness and finally, paralysis
D.Toxicity
• There are no tixic reactions of excessive thiamine intake in the body

E. Requirement or allowances
• Minimun requirement for thiamine is 0.2 mg per 1,000 caloric intake. Allowances are at least
twice the minimum needs (0.5 mg/1,000 cal) and vary with sex, body weight, muscular activity
and composition of diet which are related to caloric requirements
F. Food sources
• Outstanding food sources are lean pork, pork liver and other glandular organs of pork and
some shellfish. Other excellent sources are liver and organ meats of other animals, egg yolk
and unpolished rice, whole grains, legumes (like monggo, kadyos, and soybeans )and nuts .
RIBOFLAVIN

A.Functions
• a.1.Riboflavin is essential for protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism.
• a.2. It is needed for conversion of tryptophan into niacin.
• a.3 It helps maintain healthy skin, tongue and mouth, and normal vision; and proper growth
and development

B.Stability
• It is stable to heat, oxidation, and acid. Due to its heat stability and limited water solubility,
very little is lost in cooking and processing of foods.
C. Deficiency E. Food sources Animal sources
• 1.Ariboflavinosis • cheese, milk, eggs, liver and other glandular
• 2.Seborrheic dermatitis. organs.

• 3.Vascularization • Plant sources-whole grain, legumes, leafy

green vegetables and seaweeds
• 4.Golossitis

D.Toxicity
• The riboflavin does not occur from oral
doses but it is possible when massive doses
are given by injection.
NIACIN (NICOTINIC ACID)
A. Functions
• a. 1. It acts as a hydrogen and electron
acceptor. It plays an important role in
energy metabolism, fatty acid
synthesis/oxidation, and protein synthesis
/catabolism.
• a. 2. It is also needed for photosynthesis in
plants and fixation of CO2 in animal cells.
B. Stability
• Niacin is more stable than thiamine and
riboflavin and is remarkably resistant to
heat, light, air, acids and alkalis, although
small amounts may be lost in discareded
cooking water.
C. Deficiency
• c. 1. Anorexia • The skin changes are different from other
• c. 2. Indigestion types of dermatitis because of the blackish
or dark, scaly patches that appear
• c. 3. Skin changes
symmetrically in areas exposed to sunlight
• c. 4. Pellagra - classic deficiency disease called bilateral dermatitis. The tounge is
characterized by 4 Ds, beefy red and swollen (glossitis) and the
Namely: corners of the mouth are cracked (angular
• Dermatitis,Dementia, Diarrhea and even stomatitis)
Death.
D.Toxicity
• d. 1. Hypermotility
• d. 2. Acidity of the stomach
• d. 3. Paralysis in the respiratory center
E. Food sources
• Animal sources-- liver, glandular
organs, leAan meats, fish and poultry,
milk and cheese, eggs.
• Plant source-- legumes, nuts, whole
grains, enriches cereals, and green
vegetables.
PYRIDOXINE (VITAMIN B6)

A Functions
• A.1 It plays an essential role in many of the • It is essential in the formation of
complex biochemical processes by which tryptophan and the conversion of
foods are metabolized by the body tryptophan into nicotinic acid.
• It is fond in cell in active form (Pyridoxal
phosphate).PLP is a coenzyme that function
in protein, fat, and carbohydrate
metabolism.
B. Deficiency
• No deficiency state have been observed in
adult dietary completion.
C.Toxicity
• Toxicity is observed only on rats.
D. Food source
• Vegetable oils of corn, cottonseed,
linseed, olive, peanut, wheat germ,
wheat and rice germ, lard and
legumes, especiallysoybeans and nuts
PANTOTHENIC ACID

A. Functions C. Deficiency
• a.1 Pantothenic acid is essential for carbohydrate, • c.1 Insomnia
protein, and fat metabolism.
• c.2 Muscle cramps
• a.2 It helps maintain normal growth, healthy skin,
• c.3 Tingling sensation of extremities
and integrity of the central nervous system.
• a.3 As part of coenzyme A, it has many metabolic • c.4 Vomiting
roles in the cells

B. Stability
• Water-soluble, stable in moist heat
D.Toxicity E. Requirement or allowances
• No toxic effects of this substance are • Five milligram of pantothenic acid a day is
known sufficient for an adult. Daily mixed diets
may contain as much as 15 mg which is
more than adequate
LIPOIC ACID

• This is a sulfur - containing fatty acid and is not a true vitamin because it can be synthesized in
adequate amounts in the body. However, it is like the other vitamins. A coenzyme factor ( thiamine
- pyrophosphate), Lipoic acid is a Co enzyme in energy metabolism converting pyruvic acid into
acetyl CoA. The requirement for Lipoic acid for humans is not yet set although its biological role in
known. The concentrated sources of lipoic acid are yeast and liver.
BIOTIN

A. Functions B. Stability
• a. 1. It serves as a coenzyme factor in CO2 • It is stable to heat, soluble in water and
fixation. alcohol susceptible to oxidation , alkali and
• a. 2. Together with a active acetate (CoA), it strong acids.
helps in the synthesis of purines, C. Deficiency
pyrimidines, fatty acids and carboxylation • In humans, true biotin deficiency does not
reactions occur, even in a poor diet.
D.Toxicity F. Food sources
• No toxic effect to excessive biotin have • Liver and other glandular organs, meats,
been observed in humans. egg, yolk, milk, molasses, whole grains,
legumes and nuts.
E. Requirements or allowances
• The very minute amount of biotin needed
for physiology makes it difficult to
determine the requirements. It is suggested
that 150 to 300 micrograms a day is ample.
FOLIC ACID

• Folic acid is a type of B vitamin that is normally found in foods such as dried beans, peas, lentils,
oranges, whole-wheat products, liver, asparagus, beets, broccoli, brussels sprouts, and spinach.
• Folic acid helps your body produce and maintain new cells, and also helps prevent changes to DNA
that may lead to cancer.
• As a medication, folic acid is used to treat folic acid deficiency and certain types of anemia (lack of
red blood cells) caused by folic acid deficiency
• It is particularly important for women who are pregnant to consume enough folic acid. This helps
prevent the fetus from developing major congenital deformities of the brain or spine, including
neural tube defects, such as spina bifida and anencephaly. Women planning to get pregnant should
take folic acid supplements for a full year before conception to reduce the risk of these
developments. Folic acid is thought to play a preventive role in a range of conditions.
COBALAMINE (B12)

A. Functions
• - it is the essential for normal metabolism and growth of all cells, especially those in the GI
tract, bone marrow, and nervous tissue.
• -Along with folic acid, choline and methionine,cobalamine aids in the transfer of methyl groups
in the synthesis of nucleic acids, purines, and pyrimidine.
• -It is also involved in myelin formation.
• -it is essential for carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism and is associated with folic acid
absorption and metabolism.
B. STABILITY D.TOXICITY
• -Approximately 70% of the vitamin activity • -No toxic effects are known.
is retained during cooking.
C. DEFICIENCY
E. SOURCES
• -Demyelination of the large nerve fibers of
• - Animal protien contains significant
the spinal cord
amounts of B12 while plant sources have
• -Pernicious Anemia practically nothing.
INOSITOL

• A. Iuscle and glandular organs, brain, legumes • C. It's chemistry is closely similar to glucose,
and nuts, fruits, vegetables, and grains. hence it is alternatively called "muscle sugar.'
• B. It occurs in meat and meat extractives. It is • D. It is a lipotropic agent. Inositol is linked with
abundant in the diet, minimum requirements for phospolipids as phosphoinositols which help in
inositol are not known the transport and metabolism of fats.
CHOLINE

• A. Choline is a lipotropic agent, i.e., it mobilizes seen in cases of chronic alcoholism and
fat and prevents the build-up of fatty acids. kwashiorkor

• B. It is needed for fat transport as a constituent • E. The richest food source is egg yolk. Other
of phospholipids, namely lecithin, cephalin, and good sources are liver, brain, kidney, heart,
sphingomyelin. meats, legumes and nuts, and yeast and wheat
germ.
• C. It helps in the transmission of nerve
impulses.
• D. Deficiency of choline results in fatty livers as
CONCLUSION

• Water soluble vitamins such as vitamin C and Vitamin B complex are essential to ones body
health.Because each one of them plays a vital role on metabolism of macromolecules such as
carbohydrate, fats, proteins and nucleic acid.Understanding the different actions of diferent
types of Vitamin B can really help on specifying deficiency with accuracy.
• References :
• Cruz-Caudal M.L.(2019) Basic Nutrition and Diet Therapy Second Edition. Quezon
City,Philippines: C & E Publishing Inc.