Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lec 20
Lec 20
Hyderabad
Subject:
Learning & Development (L & D)
Instructor:
Dr. B. Pavan Kumar
Technology’s Influence on
Training and Learning
• New technologies have made it possible to:
– reduce the costs associated with delivering
training.
– increase the effectiveness of the learning
environment.
– help training contribute to business goals.
Technology’s Influence on
Training and Learning (cont.)
• New training delivery and instructional
methods include:
– online learning (e-learning)
– distance learning
– simulations
– virtual reality
– expert systems
– electronic support systems
– learning management systems
Technology’s Influence on
Training and Learning (cont.)
• Benefits of Technology
– Employees can gain control over when and where
they receive training.
– Employees can access knowledge and expert
systems on an as-needed basis.
– The learning environment can look, feel, and
sound just like the work environment.
– Employees can choose the type of media they
want to use in a training program.
Technology’s Influence on
Training and Learning (cont.)
• Benefits of Technology
– Paperwork and time needed for administrative
activities is reduced.
– Employees’ accomplishments during training can
be monitored.
– Traditional training methods can be delivered to
trainees rather than requiring them to come to a
central training location.
Technology’s Influence on
Training and Learning (cont.)
• Digital collaboration
– use of technology to enhance and extend
employees’ abilities to work together regardless of
their geographic proximity.
– can be synchronous or asynchronous.
Technology’s Influence on
Training and Learning (cont.)
• Prior to the introduction of new technology:
– Trainees played a passive role in learning.
– Interaction among learners occurred primarily
outside the training room and tended to be
limited.
• Due to technology, learning has become a
more dynamic process.
– Instructor is more of a coach and resource person.
Figure 8.1 - Types of Learning
Environments
Figure 8.1 - Types of Learning
Environments
Figure 8.1 - Types of Learning
Environments
Technology and Multimedia
• Multimedia training - combines audiovisual
training methods with computer-based
training.
Table 8.2 - Advantages and Disadvantages of
Multimedia Training
Computer-Based Training
• It is an interactive training experience in
which:
– the computer provides the learning stimulus.
– the trainee must respond.
– the computer analyzes the responses and
provides feedback to the trainee.
• It includes interactive video, CD-ROM, and
online learning.
– CD-ROMs and DVDs utilize a laser to read text,
graphics, audio, and video off an aluminum disk.
Computer-Based Training (cont.)
– Interactive video - instruction is provided one-on-
one to trainees via a monitor connected to a
keyboard.
– Online learning, or e-learning - instruction and
delivery of training by computer online through
the Internet or the Web.
• Internet-based or Web-based, training - training
delivered on public or private computer networks and
displayed by a Web browser.
• Intranet-based training - training that uses the
company’s own computer network; accessible only to
the company’s employees.
Figure 8.3 - Potential Features of E-
Learning
Table 8.3 - Advantages of E-
Learning
Table 8.4 - Research Results Regarding the
Effectiveness of Online Learning
Table 8.5 - Factors Limiting the Use
of E-Learning
Table 8.6 - Tips for Developing
Effective Online Learning
Table 8.6 - Tips for Developing
Effective Online Learning
Table 8.7 - Principles for Designing
E-Learning
Computer-Based Training (cont.)
• Technology for collaboration and linking
– Bandwidth - number of bytes and bits
(information) that can travel between computers
per second.
– Online learning should try to build in interactivity
without requiring the use of plug-ins - additional
software that needs to be loaded on the computer
to listen to sound or watch video.
Computer-Based Training (cont.)
• Technology for collaboration and linking
– Hyperlinks - links that allow a trainee to access
other Web sites that include printed materials as
well as communications links to experts, trainers,
and other learners.
– Learning portals – Web sites or online learning
centers that provide, via e-commerce
transactions, access to training courses, services,
and online learning communities from many
sources.
Table 8.8 - Common Ways of
Collaboration in Online Learning
Blended Learning
• It combines online learning, face-to-face
instruction, and other methods for
distributing learning content and instruction.
• In comparison to classroom delivery, blended
learning:
– provides increased learner control.
– allows for self-directedness.
– requires learners to take more responsibility for
their learning.
Blended Learning (cont.)
• In comparison to pure online learning,
blended learning provides:
– more face-to-face social interaction.
– ensures that at least some of the instruction is
presented in a dedicated learning environment.
Blended Learning (cont.)
Advantages Disadvantages
Provides live feedback Demanding—requires
from peers which is greater time commitment.
preferable to feedback Fast-changing technology.
received online. Insufficient management
Capitalizes on the positive support and commitment.
learning features inherent Difficult to understand and
in both face-to-face and implement.
Web-based instruction.
Simulations
• Avatars - computer depictions of humans that
are used as imaginary coaches, coworkers,
and customers in simulations.
Table 8.9 – Types of Simulations
Simulations (cont.)
Advantages Disadvantages
Eliminates the need to travel to a High development costs.
central training location. Trainees may not be comfortable
Meaningful—gets trainees in learning situations that lack
involved in learning, and are human contact.
emotionally engaging.
Simulators provide a consistent
message of what needs to be
learned.
Can safely put employees in
situations that would be
dangerous in the real world.
Results in positive outcomes as
shorter training times and
increased ROI.
Simulations (cont.)
Advantages Disadvantages
Virtual reality - Allows trainees to Poor equipment
computer-based practice dangerous that results in a
technology that tasks without reduced sense of
provides trainees putting themselves presence.
with a three- or others in danger. Poor presence may
dimensional learning More memory result in the trainee
experience allowing available for experiencing
them to experience learning. simulator sickness.
presence.
Simulations (cont.)
Advantages Disadvantages
Virtual worlds- Imitates an actual workplace Lack of ease of use for
computer-based, without any harm. first-time users.
simulated, three Provides a place to meet with Potential risk of a
dimensional trainers, managers, or other difficult keyboard and
representation of employees who can serve as mouse interface.
the real world teachers. High investment of
and a place to Useful for teaching time and money
host learning interpersonal skills. required for
programs or programming content.
experiences. Motivates learners by making
learning fun and interactive. Lack of evidence
Enhances transfer of training. supporting its
Used for e-learning, effectiveness for
collaboration, and meetings. learning.
Mobile Technology and Training
Methods: iPods, PDAs
• Mobile technology consists of:
– Wireless transmission systems (Wi-Fi and
Bluetooth)
– Mobile devices (PDAs, GPS, RFID, etc.)
– Software applications
– Challenges:
• Ensuring employees know when and how to take
advantage of the technology.
• Ensuring employees can connect to a variety of
networks irrespective of their location or mobile
device.
Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS)
• They are instructional systems that use
artificial intelligence.
• Three types of ITS environments:
– Tutoring
– Coaching
– Empowering
Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS)
(cont.)
• Different from other new training
technologies in several ways:
– Has the ability to match instruction to individual
student needs.
– Can communicate and respond to the student.
– Can model the trainee’s learning process.
– Can decide, on the basis of a trainee’s previous
performance, what information to provide.
Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS)
(cont.)
• Different from other new training
technologies in several ways:
– Can make decisions about the trainee’s level of
understanding.
– Can complete a self-assessment resulting in a
modification of its teaching process.
Figure 8.4 - Components of
Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Distance Learning
• It involves two types of technology:
– Teleconferencing - synchronous exchange of
audio, video, and/or text between two or more
individuals or groups at two or more locations.
– Interactive distance learning (IDL) - latest
generation of distance learning, which uses
satellite technology to broadcast programs to
different locations and allows trainees to respond
to questions posed during the training program
using a keypad.
Distance Learning (cont.)
• Advantages:
– Company saves on travel costs.
– Allows employees in geographically dispersed sites
to receive training from experts who would not
otherwise be available to visit each location.
• Disadvantages:
– Lack of interaction between the trainer and the
audience.
– Technology failures.
– Unprepared trainers.
Table 8.10 - Conditions When Training Support
Technologies are Most Needed
Technologies for Training Support
• Expert systems - technology that organizes
and applies the knowledge of human experts
to specific problems.
– It has three elements:
• A knowledge base.
• A decision-making capability.
• A user interface.
Technologies for Training Support
(cont.)
• Groupware - enables multiple users to track,
share, and organize information and to work
on the same document simultaneously.
– Companies use groupware to improve business
processes, to improve meeting effectiveness, as
well as to identify and share knowledge in the
organization.
Technologies for Training
Administration
• Interactive voice technology - uses a
conventional personal computer to create an
automated phone response system.
• Imaging - scanning documents, storing them
electronically, and retrieving them.
• Training software applications - used to track
information related to training administration,
employee skills, employees’ training activities,
online learning, and transfer of training.
Learning Management Systems: Systems for Training
Delivery, Support, and Administration
• Advantages of LMSs:
– Reduces travel and training related costs.
– Reduces time for program completion.
– Increase employees’ accessibility to training across
the business.
– Provides administrative capabilities to track
program completion and course enrollments.
– Allows companies to track all learning activity in
the business.
Learning Management Systems: Systems for Training Delivery,
Support, and Administration (cont.)
• Developing on LMS
– Senior management needs to be convinced that
an LMS will benefit employees, improve business
functions, and contribute to overall business
strategies and goals.
– The company must have an e-learning culture.
– The online learning environment needs to be
under the control of the learner.
Choosing New Technology Training
Methods
• New technology training methods should be
considered when:
– Sufficient budget and resources are provided.
– Trainees are geographically dispersed.
– Trainees are comfortable using technology.
– It is a part of the company’s business strategy and
suits its culture.
– Employees have a difficult time attending
scheduled training programs.
– Current training methods allow limited time for
practice, feedback, and assessment.
Table 8.13 - Comparison of Technology-based
Training Methods