1

AVIONICS-AE
2401
UNIT -1
INTRODUCTION TO AVIONICS
PREPARED BY
RAJARAJESWARI.M
MOHAMMED SATHAK ENG COLLEGE,
SYLLABUS 2

1. Need for Avionics in civil and military aircraft and

space systems –
2. Integrated Avionic systems
3. Typical avionics sub systems
4. Design approaches and recemt advamces
5. Application technologies
 3

Introduction
Avionics Definition And Scheme,
Major Avionic Systems,
Types Of Aircrafts,
Avionic Companies,
Defiitions, And Various Flight Phases
Avionics 4

Onboard Avionics-
Flight Control Avionics, Cockpit avionics,
Communication and Navigation avionics,
Cabin Avionics and Auxiliary & power systems
Ground Avionics:
Air traffic Management Electronics (ATC)
5
 6

Avionic systems
Altimeter

1 2 3 4
Navigation Communication Flight Control Radar

2
A Pilot to
B Gnd Fly by
DME
light
Satellite Beacons 1
Pilot to Fly by wire
Passenger
Avionics = ? 7

 Equipments required for control, monitor,

communicate, navigate, weather, and anti-
collision systems
 Equipments at the ground for the above-(ATC)
 A drive with 14 or 28 volt DC electrical systems
1. NAVIGATION SYSTEMS 8

1. Satellite-based systems for navigation

Eg.Global Position System
2. Ground-based systems for navigation
Eg.VOR-Very high frequency Omnidirectional
Range or LORAN- any combination thereof
Ground based 9

Navigation subsystem
1. VHF Omnirange- VOR for direction information to
pilot (108-118 MHz)
2. Automatic Direction Finder for advising the
aircrew with a relative bearing to a selected
grond station with a receiver on the aircraft
3. Instrument Landing system –ILS- a precision
approach system to the pilot on the Runway
4. DME- secondary radar with a ground beacon
NAVIGATION subsystem 10

1. AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER using

Beacons on the ground, shown on
the cockpit for Pilot
2. VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE- VOR
where phase difference between 2
modulated sine waves
corresponding to the actual
bearing relative to true north
indicated on the VOR on the
Cockpit
3. RADAR NAVIGATION using
Transponder at the aircraft.
MAJOR AVIONIC SYSTEMS 11

1. NAVIGATION SYSTEM-Ground based

and satellite based
2. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM-VHF
communication (Air band Rx) between
Aircraft to ATC
3. FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM-for controlling
the aircraft for stability, wind shear,
thunderstorm,
4. RADAR SYSTEM-DME, Altimeter,
Transponder for finding the distance to
next stn, height of the aircraft and the
device at the aircraft for precision
landing thru Transponder Landing
system
Various Civilian Aircrafts 12

1. Boeing- (727, 737, 747, 757, 767), Seatle

2. Airbus-s (A300, A310, A318 to A321, A330, A340,
etc.),Toules-France
3. DC-3,DC-10 (Doughlas)-California
4. Dassault Falcons (Falcon 50, Falcon 900, Falcon
2000),
BOEING 767 AND AIRBUS 13

380

BOEING 767 AIRBUS 380

Avionic companies 14

1. Honeywell USA-Supplier of avionic

systems
2. Bendix & King-USA- for MFD, GPS
3. Baker Electronics USA-PILOT audio
systems
4. Rockwell Collins USA-aerospace &
defense communication
5. Thales France-aerospace & defense
6. Garmin-USA-GPS systems
7. Sagem-Avionic Recorders and Pilot
components
Recording equipment for flight 15
parameters in Airbus and
Boeing
Definitions 16

1. Course -the angle aircraft makes with a fixed

reference true north-0° being north, 90° being
east
2. Heading-the direction of the aircraft's nose
pointing ; North- 0*, East – 90*, south -180* and
west -270* degrees
3. Track-the actual path followed by the aircraft
from A to B. In a given scheme
Various Flight Phases 17
Various Flight Phases 18

1. Pre fllight
2. Take off
3. Departure
4. Enroute
5. Descend
6. Approach
7. Landing
 19

1. Need for Avionics

in civil and military
aircraft and space
systems
IN CIVIL, IN MILITARY, IN SPACE
Need for Civil AircraftS 20

1) For Flight Control – Computations

and flight surfaces control (PWM)
2) For Mission and Management
computation
3) For Navigating the aircraft – full
solution, AHRS (Altitude and Head
Reference System)
4) For getting Air Data like altitude,
outside temp and pressure
5) For getting the magnetic field thru
Magnetometer
6) For various Payloads and Data-link
Control through extended I/O
Military Aircrafts 21

1. Stealth- F-117 Nighthawk (1980s-2008)

2. B-2 Spirit "Stealth Bomber,“
3. F-22 Raptor
4. F-35 Lightning
5. F18 Super-cruice Aircraft
6. A10 Thunderbolt Jet
7. (Brahmos Supersonic Cruice Missile)
NEED FOR MILITARY 22
AIR CRAFTS
1. For Stealth technology- less visible to
Radar, IR, Sonar, and other detection
means
2. For Super cruise,
3. For Reliability,
4. Availability
5. Need for growth capacity
6. Example: Integrated avionics system-
the solution
7. Eg.F22 (BY LOCKHEED MARTIN)
NEED FOR SPACECRAFTS 23

1. systems integration, multifunction control and

display units, data processing systems, adaptive
antenna systems
2. human factors engineering and navigation
systems.
3. Advanced fail-passive autopilot, flight director
and display processor into a single line-
replaceable unit, significant weight, size and
reliability advantages are realized.
 24

Integrated
Avionic
system
DEFINITION, FEATURES, WEAPON SYSTEM
Definition IMA 25

A real time Computer

Network Airborne
system( modular
architecture) consisting
of various computing
modules, with different
criticality levels
F22 –Integrated Modular 26
Avionic-IMA Suite (LOCKHEED
MARTIN)
Basic features of IMA 27

1. A Dedicated Avionic System

2. Full Cockpit Control and Display System
3. Acoustic Warnings and tones to Crew
4. Autonomous Navigation system’
5. Full Plant Management feature
6. Monitoring and Diagnostic features.
Integrated Avionic System 28
in detail
1. A dedicated Avionic system controlling the Core Data Bus
2. Fully NVG compatible cockpit- Control and Display System
(CDS) allowing to display information and receive
commands from the crew
3. Communication and Identification System (CIS) giving
simultaneous communication in clear and secure voice +
acoustic warnings and identification tones to the crew
4. Navigation System (NAS) generating guidance and
navigation data by means of autonomous and radio
navigation systems (including Inertial Reference System
with GPS, Doppler Radar, Air Data System
5. Plant Management System (PMS) interfacing the vehicle
sensors with the Avionic System to acquire and process
vehicle and avionics data
6. Monitoring and Diagnostic System (MDS) ensuring the
interface of all the vehicle sub-systems and equipment
Features of Integrated 29
Avionic System
 Advanced flight deck functionality,
 Improved situational awareness
 Increased system flexibility for business
and regional aircraft.
 Large liquid crystal flat panel displays
 Integrated Navigation (INAV™)
 Patented Graphical Flight Planning
(GFP) functionally allows for the quick
and safe modification of flight plans
with the ability to monitor weather,
terrain, and air traffic.
F22 –Integrated Avionic 30
Suite (LOCKHEED MARTIN)
Integrated Avionic System 31

 Simultaneous display of traffic, terrain,

airspace, airways, airports, navigation
aids
 Fully digital, integrated autopilot and
auto throttle Integrated flight
management system
 Patented Graphical Flight Planning (GFP)
 Integrated Enhanced Ground Proximity
Warning System (EGPWS)
 Integrated communication management
function LCD flat panel displays enabling
most aircraft , systems and navigation
data onto a single Cockpit Display
 Drop Down Menus & On-screen point
and click functionality
 Features of Integrated Avionic 32
system( F22 Avionics suite)
1. Very high-speed integrated circuit
(VHSIC) technology, common
modules, and high-speed data
buses
2. Common Integrated Processor (CIP),
a central "brain" with the equivalent
computing throughput of two Cray
supercomputers; shared low-
observable antennas;
3. Long Rage Radar/APG-77 radar is
the F-22's primary sensor and is a
long-range, rapid-scan, and multi-
functional system
 33

2. Avionic sub
systems
1.NAVIGATION (GPS, VOR),
2.COMMUNICATION, 3. FLIGHT
CONTROL SYSTEM (AUTO PILOT)
4. RADAR SUBSYSTEM
Avionic Subsystem 34

1. Navigation Subsystem
(GPS-Global Position
system & VOR)
2. Communication
subsystem
3. Flight control subsystem
4. RADAR subsystem-Radio
Detection and Ranging
 35

Avionic sub systems

Altimeter

1 2 3 4
Navigation Communication Flight Control Radar

2
A Pilot to
B Gnd Fly by
DME
light
Satellite Beacons 1
Pilot to Fly by wire
Passenger
1. NAVIGATION sub 36

SYSTEMS
1. Satellite-based systems for navigation
Eg.Global Position System
2. Ground-based systems for navigation
Eg.VOR-Very high frequency Omnidirectional
Range or LORAN- any combination thereof
Two types of Navigation 37
Rules
1. VFR-Visual Flight
Rules-pilot by see and
avoid concept( small
airports)
2. IFR-Instrument Flight
Rules-pilot by ILS
Ground Based 38

Navigation-VOR
 Use VHF omni-range (VOR) radio beacons(108 to
118 Mhz) to guide aircraft safely to their
destinations.
 Many Ground Stations on VHF use LOS
 Communication between Aircraft and ATC
through VHF Freq. (108.1 through 117.95 MHz) with
VOR fitted on the Aircraft
 Ground Based System give heading when the
aircraft remains in the same track envelope
 39

Satellite Based
Navigation
system-GPS
GPS by Garmin 40

GPS-400W
GPS Measure 41

1. Precise Position of Aircraft in 3

Directions, X,Y & Z in Degrees
2. Position of Aircraft in Dynamic time
with nanosecond accuracy
3. Velocity of the Aircraft through
Doppler Frequency
4. GPS calculates Aircraft position by
timing the signals sent by the GPS
Satellites high above the Earth
5. 3 satellites enough to fix aircrafts
position
GPS Segments 42

GPS-3 segments;
1.Space segment (SS), 24 Satellites for
Space Segment orbiting the earth in 12
hours in 6 orbital planes at 60*
2.Control segment (CS) for Tracking the
satellites for its track and correcting the
time for each satellite
3.User segment by GPS
receivers,receiving the data for 4
parameters
3.Space Segment (12 43

Visible Sat)
Advantages of Satellite 44
Based Navigation
1. Primarily Save Fuel Cost
2. Enable commercial aircraft flying
under IFR to fly directly to their
destinations
3. Shorten virtually every commercial
airline route, safe fuel and time,
increase the amount of air traffic in
the skies at any one time, and
reduce aircraft engine emissions
4. 40 percent drop in general aviation
accidents (by FAA)
GPS System 45

 Location of an object determined in

respect to its longitude and latitude
coordinates by signals from 24
Satellites in 6 Orbits, transmitting
consists of satellite position, time and
data on the basis
 Provides location of the Aircraft on the
earth with accuracy
 Provide visual navigation and normal
object guidance when it is impossible
for pilot to locate the destinations’
position due to bad weather or at
night
1a. Satellite based 46
Navigation (GPS)
GPS-400W
Garmin GPS 47
Ground 48

based
Navigation
system
VOR, ADF, ILS, DME
Ground Based Navigation 49

systems
1. VOR for direction information to Pilot
2. ADF for giving relative bearing in Degrees to Pilot
wrt to a ground station
3. ILS for offering a precision landing system to Pilot
on a Glide Path
4. DME- a Secondary Radar Navigation system with
a Ground Beacon
2. Ground based 50

Navigation subsystems
1. VORVHF Omnirange- VOR working on
VHF frequency of 108-118 MHz
2. ADFAutomatic Direction Finder for
advising the aircrew with a relative
bearing to a selected ground station
with a receiver on the aircraft
3. ILS:Instrument Landing system –ILS- a
precision approach system to the pilot
on the Runway
4. DME- secondary radar with a ground
beacon
NAVAIDS 51

1. NDB- Non Directional

Beacons
2. DME- Distance
Measuring Equipment
3. ILS- Instrument Landing
System
 52

VOR
PRINCIPLE
Navigation (NAV) types 53

1. B-NAV=Basic-Track accuracy of ±5NM for at

least 95% of flight time for En Route navigation B
-RNAV achieved using inputs from VOR/DME,
DME/DME
2. P-NAV=Precision-Track accuracy of ±1NM for at
least 95% of flight with advanced functionality
and a high integrity navigation databases. P-
RNAV capability achieved using inputs from
DME/DME
Definitions 54

1. Heading-direction expressed in
Degrees clockwise direction of the
longitudinal axis of the aircraft from
north true, magnetic north or the
angle the nose of the aircraft
pointing
2. Track- track or course over ground, is
the actual path followed by the
aircraft from A to B
3. Crab Angle or Drift Angle: the angle
between heading and Track is called
Drift Angle
55
Definitions continued 56

4. Cone of Confusion:volume of airspace directly

above a VOR station where no signal is
received, causing the CDI to fluctuate.
5. Radial: the direction from the station to the
aircraft in degrees from magnetic north-called
the Radial
VOR Freq. on NAV Radio 57
Principle 58

 VOR- Radio Beacons transmitting azimuth signals

to aircraft to NAV Radio for enabling Pilot to
determine how far he is from and to the Ground
Beacon wrt. Magnetic North regardless of
Heading on VHF (line of sight communication)
VOR-Ground Beacon 59
Principle
1. A Radio Navigation system for
Aircrafts sending VHF AM signal to
the Aircraft
2. Aircraft derive a Magnetic bearing
from the station to the aircraft
(direction from the VOR station in
relation to Earths North at the time of
installation)
3. Providing OMNI (VOR) or LOCALIZER
(LOC) information with built-in
VOR/LOC Converter
4. Used with other nav/comms
Why Ground Based System use 60
(108.1 - 117.95) MHz
1. Ground Based System use VHF thru LOS (line of
Sight)using 108.1- 117.95 MHz
2. Storms and other weather phenomena cause
interference
3. 108.1 to 117.95 frequency- free from Static and
interference caused by storms or other weather
phenomena
OBI Indicator with CDI 61
VOR with Course Direction 62
Indicator
 . 63

Pilot tune the station desired and select the

mode of operation.Received signal amplified,
and converted to audible voice or morse
code transmission and powers the bearing
indicator.
Working 64

 VOR work on 108.0 to 117.95 MHz

Amplitude modulated
 A Reference Phase 30 Hz signal FM
modulated at 9.9 KHz sub carrier
compared Rotating 30Hz AM signal
thru an electronic tunable antenna
 Phase angle between the two signal =
to the direction from the station to the
aircraft, in degrees from local
magnetic north-called the Radial
 VOR has Omni Bearing Radial OBR to
set the desired course
Display 65
VOR 66

1. Has 4 parts, A,B,C & D

2. A= Rotating Course Card, calibrated from 0
to 360°indicating the VOR bearing as the
reference to fly TO or FROM; 345° radial
away FROM the station =aircraft is north of
the Omni station
3. B=Omni Bearing Selector to manually rotate
the course card.
4. C=CDI, or Course Deviation Indicator This
needle swings left or right indicating the
direction to turn to return to course
5. D=The TO-FROM indicator This arrow will
point up, or towards the nose of the aircraft,
when flying TO the VOR station
VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL 67

RANGE
 To fly due west to reach the station Pilot wants to
approach the VOR station from due east
 OBS rotated the compass dial until the number 27
(270 degrees) aligns with the pointer (called the
Primary Index) at the top of the dial.
 When aircraft intercepts the 90-degree radial
(due east of the VOR station) the needle will be
centered and the To/From indicator will show "To".
 Note the pilot sets the VOR to indicate the
reciprocal; the aircraft will follow the 90-degree
radial while the VOR indicates that the course "to"
the VOR station is 270 degrees.
Typical VOR 68
Collins VOR Indicator 69
4. Communication system 70

 Pilots receiving information in real time

 VHF Com Digital Links 118-137 MHz for 200 Miles at
low altitudes
 Satcom via the Inmarsat satellites using 4
Satellites centralized over the Pacific Ocean,
Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean-East, and Atlantic
Ocean-West for high altitudes
 71

Communicati
on
2.Communication 72
Communication Types 73

1. Communication for Altitude, Speed & route by

ATC to Pilot before hand on VOR on 108 to 118
MHz
2. Communication by Pilot to ATC on Voice
through FM Transceiver on 119 to 140 MHz
3. Interphone
4. Cabin Communication
Air band radio 74
COMMUNICATION TYPES 75

1. Communications connecting the flight deck to

the ground, and the flight deck to the
passengers
2. Flight Deck to Ground work on the Air-band of
118.000 MHz to 136.975 MHz (Air band Receiver)
3. On board communication for Public Address
system to the passengers and Aircraft intercom
to the crew .
Air band radio Pilot to ATC 76

1. Communication system using AIR Band Receiver

for contacting ATC and fellow pilots.
2. 136.000 to 136.975 MHz used with 720 COMM
channels
3. Air Band Radios available @ 14 volt or 28 volt
Air band radio 77
Cockpit to cabin 78

communication
1. For take off and landing
2. Flight attendants receiving the notification from
the Crew for Turbulence
3. Cabin to Cockpit Communications on the
quality of service
Sterile Cockpit Regulation 79

 Regulations specifically
prohibiting crew members
performance of non-essential
duties or activities while the
aircraft is involved in taxi,
takeoff, landing, and all other
flight operations conducted
below 10,000 feet MSL
 Air band Receiver 80

•118.000 MHz to 136.975 MHz

Radio Altimeter 81
 82

Flight Control
Systems & FMS
TYPES AND PRINCIPLE
Flight Control System 83

1. Means of automatically controlling flight

2. Auto-pilots used to control heading and altitude
3. Fly by wire and Fly by Light –two methods in
Flight Control system
4. Limited authority on thrust and flight control
surfaces
AFC Parameters 84

1. Stabilization of the aircraft Angle and flight

altitude
2. Return of the aircraft to a straight and level
flight path from any altitude
3. Programmed flight altitude, climb and
descent
4. Control from ground and air direction posts
5. Self-guidance interface to the weapon
control systems
6. En-route flight, return to home airfield and
landing approach by radio beacon
Autopilot system 85

1. Automatic flight control system

keeps an aircraft in level flight or on a
set course using a flight computer
2. A mechanical, electrical, or
hydraulic system used to guide a
vehicle without assistance from a
Pilot for Attitude, Altitude, Airspeed
and Rate of Climb or descend rate
3. Autopilot system use Integrated
processor
Flight computer System 86
Objective of Flight 87
Management System
 End-to-end flight planning
 Controlling the aircraft track to the
accuracy of three wing-widths and
the time of arrival to within 6 seconds
anywhere in the flight plan.
 Navigation (integration of inertial,
radio and GPS sensors)
 Trajectory prediction/optimization
 Flight guidance interface (roll, pitch
and thrust commands)
 Electronic map interface (horizontal
and vertical flight plan display)
 88

Radar
Subsystem
TYPES
Purpose 89

1. Providinvg Range,
2. Altitude,
3. Direction, or
4. Speed of aircraft
PRIMARY SURVEILLANCE 90
RADAR
RADAR-Types 91

1. PSR & SSR

2. DME
3. Transponders
4. Radio Altimeters
5. Special Military Radar
Types of Surveillance 92

Radar
1. Primary Surveillance Radar PSR-
reporting Aircraft weather, flocks of
birds, stationary objects in the range
of 80 NM; PSR-transmitting radio
pulses and listening for and timing
the reflections from the skin or other
metal components of aircraft
2. Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR)
transmits an "interrogation beam" to
an airplane transponder- emitting a
signal when it is swept by the
secondary radar. SSR responding in
range of 250 NM
Radar Stabilization 93

1. Maintaining a Radar Antenna Beam

relative to horizon using an aircraft's
vertical gyro is called Radar Stabilization
2. Purpose of radar stabilization- to maintain
a constant radar scan at desired tilt
angle, level with the Earth’s horizon during
normal aircraft operations and
maneuvers.
PSR Provide 94

1. PSR provide aircraft bearing in azimuth from

Ground Station & distance of the target from
Ground Station, converted as a display to ATC
2. Target elevation (Altitude)- not provided by PSR
3. PSR a passive radar, no action done from the
Aircraft
Secondary Surveillance 95
Radar-ASR9
SSR provide 96

1. Active Radar processing signals at the Aircraft

through Transponder, providing elevation details
2. Interrogated Coded signals are sent to the
aircraft.
3. Transponder processes the signal and sent back
to the Gnd Station.
97
 BENDIX RADAR at ATC 98

<>

Bendix RDR-150 Radar System (Recon.)

 99

Other
ancilliary
systems
 10
6. Traffic Collision 0
Avoidance Systems-TCAS
 A System to reduce mid-air collisions
between aircraft, monitoring the Air
Space around an Aircraft with a
Transponder, independent of ATC
 Working with a Transponder either at S
or C Band
 TCAS-equipped aircraft "interrogating
with all other aircraft in a determined
range about their position thru 1.030
GHz and all other craft replying at
1.090 GHz
 10
Traffic Collision Avoidance 1
Systems-TCAS
 To supplement air traffic control, most
large transport aircraft and many smaller
ones use a TCAS (Traffic Alert and
Collision Avoidance System), which can
detect the location of nearby aircraft,
and provide instructions for avoiding a
midair collision.
 To help avoid collision with terrain, (CFIT)
aircraft use systems such as ground-
proximity warning systems (GPWS), radar
altimeter being the key element in GPWS
 10
TCAS 2
 10
Collision Avoidance 3

Systems
 For supplementing air traffic control,
large transport aircraft and many
smaller ones using a TCAS (Traffic
Alert and Collision Avoidance System),
 TCAS detect the location of nearby
aircraft, and provide instructions for
avoiding a midair collision.
 For avoiding collision with terrain,
(CFIT) aircraft use systems - ground-
proximity warning systems (GPWS),
radar altimeter ( the key element in
GPWS)
 10
TCAS (Honeywell) 4
 10
TCAS-Honeywell 5

 Integrated Processor
 Capable of upgrading for higher surveillance
 Superior bearing accuracy,
 Improved reliability, and
 Advanced communication data-link
 10
TCAS 6
 10
Aircraft Networks 7

 Arinc 629-Commercial Aircraft (Boeing 777)

 MIL 1553- Military Aircraft
 MIL 1760-Military aircraft
 10
Instrument Landing System 8
for Ground navigation
 10
9

COMMUNICA
TION
 11
2.COMMUNICATION 0

 HF 3 TO 30 MHZ used in HF BEACONS

 VHF-30 TO 300 MHZ used in vhf vor
 UHF-300 TO 900 MHz in Automatic Direction Finder
and Radio Altimeter
 MICROWAVE 1 GHZ TO 100 Ghz in Aircraft Radios
and in GPS
 11
VHF communication 1
between Pilot and ATC
 11
2

FLIGHT
CONTROL
 11
3. FLIGHT CONTROL 3

SYSTEM
1. Autopilot scheme to control aircraft in flight
consisting of connecting linkage by
Mechanical, Hydraulic Electronic (Analog
,Digital)
2. Thunderstorms causes rapid changes in the
three-dimensional wind velocity Causes of air
disaster called low level windshear. just above
ground level.
 11
Parameters for Control 4

1. Control for Heading and Thrust

2. Control for Pitch, Yaw for Air craft Control
3. Control for Rapid Changes in Wind Velocity
4. Control for Sudden Turbulence
5. Control on Poor Visibility
 11
Types of Flight Control 5

 Analog Flight Control and Digital Flight Control

 Fly by Wire and Fly by Light-two types of Flight
Control
 11
Autopilot Scheme 6

 All Take off- by manual

 Autopilots engaged 100 feet above the ground,
but usually waited a few minutes after takeoff.\
 For landing, autopilot disengaged and “hand fly”
at 1,000 feet above the runway on approach
 But if poor visibility, Autopilot engaged.
 11
Various Flight Control 7
Schemes
( Honeywel-USA)
Boeing 737-providing control and guidance in
the pitch and roll axes, and performs warning
functions, and automatic pitch trim.
 Boeing 747-Autopilot - Flight Director is an
integrated automatic pilot/flight director (A/P -
F/D) system in which the system computers are
used for autopilot and flight director functions.
 11
Drivers for Avionics in Civil 8
Transport Aircrafts
1. GPS Technology
2. Cost and weight of on-board navigation
equipment-a potential breakthrough in air
traffic management
3. integration of satellite positioning with digital
map displays simplifies navigation
4. extensive radio navigation infrastructure like
LORAN-C, DECCA and maritime radio and
visual beacons.
 11

4. DESIGN 9

APPROACH
AND RECENT
ADVANCES
MAJOR DRIVERS
 12
Survivability and 0

Vulnerability
 A quantified ability of a system,
subsystem, equipment, process, or
procedure to continue to function
during and after a natural or man-
made disturbance
 Ability of a system to minimize the
finite duration disturbance on value
Delivery
 Vulnerability-Susceptibility for attack or
occurrence of a weakness.
 Survivability approached in terms of
reducing susceptibility & vulnerability
 Lower the Vulneranability higher the
Survivability
 12
Design of Technologies & 1

drivers
 Designing a software algorithm to
decode a simplified version of a Navstar
GPS signal
 High Performance, power-optimized RISC
CPUs
 VHF fixed, mobile and hand portable,
Non-Directional beacons, Air to ground
Radios and Marine radio equipments
 Design of a sequential state machine for
an Aircraft Data Bus Remote Terminal
interface, specification, state assignment,
logic design, implementation, and test.
 12
1.DESIGN FOR (ANTENNA) 2
DEVELOPMENT
1. Investigating RF-Front-End and Antenna
technologies relevant to the avionic Satcom
terminal to assess and evaluate their applicability
as well as to highlight their
advantages/disadvantages
2. Tackling the Use of combined antenna for Iris and
other services and position of antenna(s) for
optimum performance.
3. Redundancy aspects, in particular with respect to
multiple antennas\
4. RF Diplexer is a cost-driver for Satcom avionics,
analysis of the feasibility to cost-reduce the
diplexer and its subsequent impact on the
satellite communication system design.
5. Feasibility and use of advanced power amplifiers
as a performance improvement enabler.
 12
2. Avionic Design interface 3
Protocol Converter
1. Introducing the first PMC Universal
Avionics Digital Interface (PMC-
UADI), a plug-and-run device using
a powerful 16-bit Flash RISC, low-
power microcontroller supporting
MIL-STD-1553 dual redundant
interface, ARINC 708/453,
2. Use drivers such as C libraries, DLLs,
Windows, and Linux
3. Features include error injection-
detection, sub-address selection,
major/minor cycle frame, long loop
test, class A/B, and so forth.
 12
2.Protocol Converter 4
 12
Avionics systems design 5

 Navigation system design

 Flight management systems Design
 Communication system Design
 And Surveillance systems Design
 Cockpit environment design-Drivers -
inertial navigation avionics and GNSS
systems, global navigation satellite
systems, airborne instrumentation,
avionics data buses, architecture and
integration and radio systems.
 12
Avionics System 6
Engineering Tasks &
Programs
Tasks-Life cycle models, Reliability, Safety
assessment and Certification
 Programs- flight controls, weapon controls, engine
and power controls, communication, acoustics
and navigation systems, including both military
and commercial system lifecycle standards.
 12
Performance Tasks 7

 Aircraft performance
 Stability and control systems
 Mathematical formulae for calculating cost and
weight relationship
 To achieve mission and trajectory optimisation,
traffic collision detection and avoidance, UAV
see-and-avoid capability.
 12

5. 8

APPLICATION
TECHNOLOGIE
S
 12
Technology applications 9

1. Using Integrated modular Technology

2. Use Traffic Collision Avoidance System to
provent collisions
3. Use Large Dynamic MOS for higher power
applications
4. Use Mobile Adlhoc network for avionics
5. Using Ka band in Transceivers
6. Use Intel Trigate Processor for heat dissipation
problems in flight computer