CHAPTER 2: LESSON 11

COMBINED CORRECTION

-The correction for the effects of incorrect length, tape,

temperature, tension, slope, and sag. Each correction is
computed separately which correction tends to make the tape
too long or short.

-since the sign of each correction can be determined, it is then

a matter of adding these titles algebraically to arrive at a single
and overall correction to lengths which are measured or laid
out.
 11.2 SURVEYS WITH TAPE

• The tape is necessarily limited only to the

measurement of distance. There are various
problems arising in surveying fieldwork that can be
solved just by the use of tape. Some of these
surveying operations include: measuring angles,
laying off angles determining obstructed distances,
locating irregular boundaries, and determining
areas of different shapes.
 11.2 SURVEYS WITH TAPE

• Erecting perpendicular to the line. There would be

instances when it would be necessary to erect on
the group a perpendicular to the established line.

There are two methods used

1. Chord-bisection Method

2. 3:4:5 method
 11.2 SURVEYS WITH TAPE

• Measuring angles with tape. A tape is not frequently

used in engineering construction for construction or
laying-off.
C

• Cos A = (AC)^2+(AB)^2-(BC)^2
2 (ACXAB)
A
Sin(A/2)^2= (S-AC)(S-AB)
(AC)(AB)
B
 11.2 SURVEYING WITH TAPE

• Laying of angles with tape. There are different

methods which may be used to lay off an angle
using a tape.
• Determining obstructed distances. In some
instances it may not be possible to directly measure
distances due to obstruction. The required length
may also be inaccessible or difficult to measure. The
following are some of the indirect methods which
could be employed to determine obstructed or
inaccessible distances.
 11.2 ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

• Combined Corrections. A line was determined to

be 2395.25m when measured with a 30-m steel
tape supported throughout its length under a pull of
4kg and at a mean temperature of 30 degree
Celsius. Determine the length of the line if the tape
used is of standard length of 20 degree Celsius
under a pull of 5kg. The cross-sectional area of the
tape is 0.03cm^2, its coefficient of linear expansion
is 0.00000116/1degC. And the elasticity of steel is 2.0
x 10^6kg/cm^2.
 11.3 COMBINED CORRECTION

Given:
L=2395.25m T=35degC A=0.03cm^2
NL= 30m T2= 20degC C=0.0000116/1degC
Pm= 4kg P2= 5kg E= 2.0x10^6kg/cm^2
Sol’n:
a.) C1= Cl (T-T2) =0.0000116 (2395.25) (35 -20)
=+0.42 m (correction for the measured length due to temperature. The positive sign indicates that
the tape is too long.)
b.) CP= (Pm-P2) L=(4-5)2395.95
AE 0.03(2.0x10^6)
= - 0.04 (correction for the measured line due to the tension the negative sign indicates that tape is
too short.
c.) L’ = L+- C1 +- Cp = 2395.95 +0.42 -0.04
= 2395.95 m (length of measured line corrected for effect of temperature and pull)
 11.3 MEASURING ANGLES WITH TAPE

• Given:
A AB= 760.5 m
B BC =390.8 m
CD= 371.6 m
DA= 395.8 m
AC = 765.4 m
D C
In a quadrilateral ABCD shown above the following lengths were
measured compute the interior angles at each other.

Required : </ A, </ B, </ C, </D

 11.3 MEASURING ANGLES WITH TAPE

a.) Determining Values of individual angles

Cos </ CAD = (AC) ^2 +(DA)^2 –(CD)^2 = (765.4)^2 + (595.8)^2 –(371.6)^2

2(AC)(DA) 2(765.4)(595.8)
</CAD= 0.880135603
</CAD=28’2’28.5’’
Cos </ ADC = (DA)^2 +(CD)^2 –(AC)^2 = (595.80^2) + (371.60)^2 – (765.4)^2
2(DA)(DC) 2(595.8)(371.6)
</ADC= -0.20951504
</ADC = 102’ 05’ 38.2’’
Cos </ACD = (CD)^2 =(AC)^2 –(DA)^2 = (371.6)^2 + (765.4)^2 -(595.8)^2
2(CD)(AC) 2(371.6)(765.4)
</ACD =0.6285877
<.ACD = 32 ‘ 58’ 1.01’’