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2 2axial Loading
2 2axial Loading
2 2axial Loading
CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
2 MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Lecture Notes:
Stress and Strain
– Axial Loading
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
Contents
Poisson’s Ratio
• For a slender bar subjected to axial loading the Axial
Strain):
x x y z 0
E
Shearing Strain
Youngs modulus also known as modulus of elasticity (E) is a number which tells us
about resistance of an object when it is stretched or deformed along its lenght.
Stress =strain *(E)
Or. E= Longitudinal stress /longitudinal strain
Shear modulus also known as modulus of rigidity (G) is a number which measures
the ability of a material to resist transverse deformations.
Example 2.10
SOLUTION:
• Determine the average angular
deformation or shearing strain of
the block.
• Apply Hooke’s law for shearing stress
and strain to find the corresponding
shearing stress.
A rectangular block of material with
modulus of rigidity G = 90 ksi is • Use the definition of shearing stress to
bonded to two rigid horizontal plates. find the force P.
The lower plate is fixed, while the
upper plate is subjected to a horizontal
force P. Knowing that the upper plate
moves through 0.04 in. under the action
of the force, determine a) the average
shearing strain in the material, and b)
the force P exerted on the plate.
P 36.0 kips
SOLUTION:
• Apply the generalized Hooke’s Law to • Evaluate the deformation components.
find the three components of normal
strain.
B A x d 0.533 10 3 in./in. 9 in.
x n y n z B A 4.8 10 3 in.
x
E E E
C D
z d 1.600 10 3 in./in. 9 in.
1 1
12 ksi 0 20 ksi
10 106 psi 3 C D 14.4 10 3 in.
0.533 10 3 in./in.
t y t 1.067 10 3 in./in. 0.75 in.
n x y n z t 0.800 10 3 in.
y
E E E
1.067 10 3 in./in.
• Find the change in volume
n x n y
z z e x y z 1.067 10 3 in 3/in 3
E E E
1.600 10 3 in./in. V eV 1.067 10 3 15 15 0.75 in 3
V 0.187 in 3
Composite Materials
Isotropic Material
Mechanical Properties including E of materials are
independent of the direction considered.
Examples steel, aluminum etc.
Anisotropic
Materials whose properties depend upon the direction considered
are said to be anisotropic.
Example Composites, wood etc.
Composite
Composite material (composition material)
• made from two/more constituent materials with significantly
different physical or chemical properties from individual
components. The individual components remain separate and
distinct within the finished structure, differentiating composites
from mixtures.
Why???
• Stronger
• Lighter
• less expensive
Examples……
Reinforced concrete (cement+sand+crush+steel)
Composite wood ( plywood)
Reinforced plastics( fiber-reinforced polymer and fiberglass)
Ceramic matrix composites (composite ceramic and metal matrices)
Metal matrix composites
Usage
• Buildings
• Bridges
• structures ( boat hulls, swimming pool panels, racing
car bodies bathtubs, storage tanks)
• The most advanced examples perform routinely
on spacecraft and aircraft in demanding environments.
Composite Materials
• Fiber-reinforced composite materials are formed
from lamina of fibers of graphite, glass, or
polymers embedded in a resin matrix.
• .
Shearing strain
Note:
Multi directional loading three different values of the modulus of
elasticity/rigidity and six different values of Poisson’s ratio will be
involved while in case of isotropic we have one E one G and one
Poisson ratio.
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Edition
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Stress concentration
Stress distribution
stress-concentration factor k
The ratio of the maximum stress over the average
stress computed in the critical (narrowest) section
of the discontinuity. max
K
Compute the average stress in critical section ave
Example 2.12
r=8
SOLUTION:
60 40
• Determine the geometric ratios and
find the stress concentration factor
from Fig. 2.64b.
Determine the largest axial load P
that can be safely supported by a • Find the allowable average normal
flat steel bar consisting of two stress using the material allowable
portions, both 10 mm thick, and normal stress and the stress
respectively 40 and 60 mm wide, concentration factor.
connected by fillets of radius r = 8 • Apply the definition of normal stress to
mm. Assume an allowable normal find the allowable load.
stress of 165 MPa.
36.3 103 N
P 36.3 kN
Saint-Venant’s Principle
• Loads transmitted through rigid
plates result in uniform distribution
of stress and strain.
• Saint-Venant’s Principle:
Stress distribution may be assumed
independent of the mode of load
application except in the immediate
vicinity of load application points.
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 - 28
Edition
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Elastoplastic Materials
PLASTIC DEFORMATIONS
• Previous analyses based on assumption of
linear stress-strain relationship, i.e.,
stresses below the yield stress
• Assumption is good for brittle material
which rupture without yielding
• If the yield stress of ductile materials is
exceeded, then plastic deformations occur
• Analysis of plastic deformations is
simplified by assuming an idealized
elastoplastic material
• Deformations of an elastoplastic material
are divided into elastic and plastic ranges
• Permanent deformations result from
loading beyond the yield stress
Plastic Deformations
Residual Stresses
Y ,r 36 103 psi
δY,r Y , r L L 30 in. 36 10-3 in.
EY , r 30 106 psi
PY ,t Y ,t At 45 ksi 0.100 in 2 4.5 kips
Y ,t 45 103 psi
δY,t Y ,t L L 30 in. 90 10-3 in.
EY ,t 15 106 psi
P Pr Pt
r t
t 30 103 psi
t t L L 30 in. max t 60 10 3 in.
Et 15 10 6 psi
r Er 1.52 10 3 30 106 psi 45.6 ksi