LIGHTING DESIGN: INSTALLATION

AND APPLICATION IN BUILDINGS

Unit iv
 Artificial light sources
• The stars and moon are also natural forms of light.
• Artificial light is light made by humans, for example
candles, fire and oil lamps.
• The electric light is now the most convenient form
of artificial light.
• The light bulb(An incandescent (light bulb),
neon light( gas-discharge light)and fluorescent tube are
types of electric light.
 spectral energy distribution
• A spectral energy distribution (SED) is a graph of the energy
emitted by an object as a function of different wavelengths.
• The graph at the right is a typical curve, called a blackbody curve.
• It shows that the amount of energy emitted by the object at all
wavelengths varies with the temperature of the object.
• Hotter objects emit more light at shorter wavelengths than cooler
objects; therefore the hotter the object, the more the peak
wavelength is shifted toward the left of the graph.
 Luminous efficacy
• Luminous efficacy is a property of light sources,
which indicates what portion of the emitted
electromagnetic radiation is usable for human
vision.
• It is the ratio of emitted luminous flux to radiant
flux.
• Luminous efficacy is related to the overall
efficiency of a light source for illumination, but
the overall lighting efficiency also depends on
how much of the input energy is converted into
electromagnetic waves (whether visible or not).
 color temperature
• The temperature at which a black body would
emit radiation of the same colour as a given
object.
 color temperature
• What is color temperature?
• Color temperature is a way to describe the light
appearance provided by a light bulb (lamp).
• It is measured in degrees of Kelvin (K) on a scale
from 1,000 to 10,000.
• Typically, commercial and residential lighting
application Kelvin temperatures fall somewhere
on a scale from 2000K to 6500K.
• A light bulb’s (lamp’s) color temperature lets us
know what the look and feel of the light produced
will be.
 color temperature
• The color temperature of a light bulb (lamp) is
assigned using the basis of correlated color
temperature (CCT).
• For example, if you heat up a metal object, the
object appears to glow.
• Depending on the Kelvin temperature that the
metal object is being heated at, the glow will be
various colors, such as orange, yellow or blue.
• The color temperature of light bulbs (lamps) is
meant to replicate the Kelvin temperature of the
metal object.
• At the lower end of the scale, from 2000K to 3000K,
the light produced is called “warm white” and ranges
from orange to yellow-white in appearance.
• Color temperatures between 3100K and 4500K are
referred to as “cool white” or “bright white.” Light
bulbs (lamps) within this range will emit a more
neutral white light and may even have a slightly blue
tint.
• Above 4500K brings us into the “daylight” color
temperature of light. Light bulbs (lamps) with color
temperatures of 4500K and above will give off a blue-
white light that mimics daylight.
 Color rendering
• Color rendering relates to the way objects appear
under a given light source.
• The measure is called the "color rendering index", or
CRI.
• A low CRI indicates than objects may appear unnatural
under the source, while a light with a high CRI rating will
allow an object's colors to appear more natural.
 Additive color
• Additive color is color created by mixing a number of
different light colors, with shades of red, green, and blue
being the most common primary colors used in additive
color system.
• A subtractive color model explains the mixing of a
limited set of dyes, inks, paint pigments or natural
colorants to create a wider range of colors, each the
result of partially or completely subtracting (that is,
absorbing) some wavelengths of light and not others.
Additive & subtractive colour
Lighting in Office
Lighting in Office
 Lighting in School
• Light in school buildings traditionally is from a
combination of daylight and electric light to
illuminate learning spaces (e.g. classrooms,
labs, studios, etc.), hallways, cafeterias, offices
and other interior areas.
• Light fixtures currently in use usually provide
students and teachers with satisfactory visual
performance, i.e., the ability to read a book,
have lunch, or play basketball in a gymnasium.
However, classroom lighting may also affect
students' circadian systems, which may in turn
affect test scores, attendance and behavior.
Lighting in School
 Lighting in libraries
• The issue of lighting in libraries is one that is still
discussed and debated today.
• Correct lighting makes patrons feel good and
comfortable in their surroundings; bad lighting
creates problems for patrons when they are looking
through the stacks, and keep their visit to the library
short.
• The lighting can even have a negative impact on the
staff, who works there. If the lighting harms the
ability for the staff to function, which can happen if
lighting creates glare and heavy shadows, then the
library will have less productivity.
• All in all, the library, with incorrect lighting would not
be welcoming.
Lighting in libraries
 Outdoor Lighting
• Landscape lighting or garden lighting refers to the use
of outdoor illumination of private gardens and public landscapes;
for the enhancement and purposes of safety, night time
aesthetics, accessibility, security, recreation and sports, and social
and event uses.
 illumination for the physically
handicapped
• Universal design is a way of integrating
accessibility features seamlessly into the
architectural environment.
• But doesn’t that only matter for add-ons, such as
ramps or chair lifts? Of course not! Truly
accessible design changes the way we integrate
even the most common aspects of a home, such
as lighting.
• Being mindful of a range of physical challenges
and abilities means reconsidering how every
aspect of the home comes together for diverse
users.
• Read more to learn about lighting design for
people with disabilities.
• Avoiding Lighting Glare
• When it comes to home lighting, one difficulty
common to wheelchair users is glare.
• The positioning and design of lights in your average
home often results in light shining directly in their
eyes, because these individuals are at a lower
vantage point.
• Lighting that is positioned under cabinets, or lights
that are similarly angled down pose particular
problems for these individuals.
• Positioning lights at a lower level, or installing
fixtures with reduced glare can resolve this problem.
• Light for Navigation
• Many individuals with disabilities have an increased need
for lighting, to compensate for poor vision or other spatial
navigation difficulties.
• In accessibly designed homes this often translates to
installing ground track lighting along hallways and outdoor
pathways.
• LED lighting is ideal for this purpose and can be placed
flush against walls or the outside of pathways to prevent
users from tripping or getting caught.
• This “extra” lighting helps everyone to see more easily,
avoiding falls, and aiding in navigation.
• Other places that supplemental lighting might be placed
are around door locks, near grab rails, or other room
landmarks.
• Integrating Motion Sensors
• One way to integrate lighting for accessibility
and safety is by installing motion sensors.

• Particularly in bathrooms and outdoor

areas, motion sensors can increase safety and
prevent individuals from fumbling around for a
light switch
• Easy Access Light Switches
• The inaccessibility of light switches is one of the
most common problems that individuals with
disabilities face when it comes to lighting access.
• Many light switches are placed too high for
individuals who use wheelchairs.
• Similarly, it is common for light switches to be placed
at the back of counters, blocking access.
• Universal design principles recommend that light
switches be placed at a height of about 36
inches and never at a height of more than 44 inches
or at the back of counters.
• Solar street lights are raised light sources which are powered
by photovoltaic panels generally mounted on the lighting
structure or integrated in the pole itself.
• The photovoltaic panels charge a rechargeable battery, which
powers a fluorescent or LED lamp during the night.