ABSTRACT

• Populus nigra is native to western and central Europe, the Middle East, and the
Subcontinent
• . In Pakistan it is planted in all provinces, the Northern Areas, and Azad Kashmir.
• It has been successfully planted in the plains.
• The best specimens are available in the Gilgit Baltistan.
ABSTRACT

 The tree is very important in Gilgit

Baltistan because of its high timber value.
 The black poplar is a medium to large-
sized deciduous tree,
 Height and diameter growth, and stem volume production of Populus nigra were studied in
different plantation on different types of soil and location in District Ghanche Gilgit Baltistan,
Pakistan.
ABSTRACT
• The samples were taken from forest plantation, linear plantation on road side, and
agroforestry plantation on farm lands of local community.
• 100 trees of Populus nigra were measured from each plantation. Diameter, basal area,
height and volume production of different age class and diameter class were measured
randomly.
• Significant difference in growth, diameter, height and volume production were observed
among these plantations.
INTRODUCTION
• Scientific Name: Populus nigra
• Common name: European black poplar, . Black poplar,
Siah poplar.
INTRODUCTION
• The tree is native to western and central Europe, the Middle East, and the Subcontinent.
• In Pakistan it is planted in all provinces, the Northern Areas, and Azad Kashmir.
• It has been successfully planted in the plains.
• The best specimen are available in the Gilgit Baltistan ( District Ghanche, Skardu, Astore,
Gilgit, Hunza Nagar,Ghizer,Diamer,Kharmong and Shigar)
IN WORLD
• Black poplar has a large distribution area throughout Europe.
• lso found in northern Africa and central and west Asia.
• The distribution area extends from the Mediterranean in the south to approximately 64º
latitude in the north and from the British Isles in the west to Kazakstan and China in the
east.
• The distribution area also includes the Caucasus and large parts of the Middle East.
 HABITATAND ECOLOGY:
• An intolerant tree that grows on a variety of well drained sites along water courses.
• It is adapted to a precipitation zone of 650 to 900 mm/yr or more,
• in a temperature range of -20 to 450C.
• It prefers arid, cool-cold, sub-tropical climate.
• It has a elevation range from 900 to 3750 m.
• It does coppice.
• There are no significant disease or insect problems when planted on a favorable site; howevor if
the tree is stressed it can be attacked by a number of defoliators. Gall formation by insects has
been observed.
REPRODUCTION
It is reproduced both from seed and by vegetative means.
However, ,most individuals are the result of root suckers or cuttings.
Seed has not been readily used to propagate this tree in Pakistan.
PRODUCTIVITY:

• It is relatively fast growing.

• Yields of 10 to 15 m3/ha/yr have been
recorded.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS
• This is a good farm forestrv tree because of its fast growth and large size.
• The wood is valuer' and can provide fuel as well as timber in areas where forests are not
present or have been destroyed by over harvest.
 Black poplar is characterized by a great diversity of population types—from isolated
trees to huge pure or mixed stands.
 Individual trees may live over 400 years.
 As a dioecious species, black poplar trees are either male or female.
 They reach the reproductive stage when they are 10–15 years
• In common black poplar depends on the wind for pollination.
• Is capable of vegetative regeneration and is characterized by rapid growth.
• Black poplar is affected at all stages of its life cycle by hydrological controls and is, in fact,
reliant on them for regeneration.
• Seeds are disseminated through wind and water, have a short viability and need very
specific soilwater conditions for germination.
IMPORTANCE
• Black poplar is a tree of social and economic interest.
• It is predominantly used as a parent pool in breeding programmes in many parts of the
world.
• Black poplar is hybridized with P. deltoides and other exotic Populus species, providing
adaptability to various soil and climate conditions,
• rooting ability,
• high resistance to bacterial canker caused by Xanthomonas populi,
• fair resistance to Marssonina brunnea and to poplar mosaic virus.
• Black poplar is also of economic interest as a pure species.
• Black poplar is also of economic interest as a pure species.
• It is widely planted in Gilgit Baltistan for timber production and domestic use.
• It is used in making doors, windows, roofs, and used as pillars in mud houses.
SOCIAL BENEFIT

• Poplars are grown for decorative, shade and windbreak purposes in urban areas and in
landscapes.
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES

• It particularly suitable for use in windbreaks and shelterbelts.

• It is planted as a single or double line to protect orchards and horticultural crops from
winds and to reduce wind erosion of cultivated soil.
• It is also used to control erosion along riverbanks and roadbeds.
 ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE

• Like many willow species the black poplar is a typical tree species of alluvial forests.
• These forests provide habitats for a large number of insects.
• The black poplars are special favourites of the following insects: the poplar longhorn; poplar
leaf beetle; poplar leaf roller; poplar hawk moth as well as the poplar lutestring and the poplar
twig borer.
• Many species of birds use the crown as a nesting place.
• The fact that the black poplar is able to remove heavy metals out of the soil is also of
ecological importance.
MEDICINAL USES
• 4000 years ago the Greek Doctor, Galen, recommended a cream made out of black
poplar buds for inflammation.
• Today the poplar cream is still used for skin inflammation and haemorrhoids.
• Tanning agents and ethereal oils, whose substances are fever reducing and disinfecting,
are extracted out of the buds.
MAJOR THREATS

• Populus nigra is considered seriously threatened and close to extinction in some parts of
Europe.
• The greatest threat of the species is the conversion of riparian landscapes into
agricultural or urban areas and other human disturbances.
MAJOR THREATS
 The species is vulnerable to rust disease Melampsora laricis-populina which although
does not always result in mortality, results in a considerable reduction in growth volume
(deRigo etal. 2016)
 There is no recorded evidence for threats to species within Asia or Africa but this is likely
due to a lack of research but Populus nigra populations in these regions are likely to be
threatened by similar biological and human action.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
• This study shows significant variations in hydraulic
architecture among eight unrelated P. deltoides×P.
nigra genotypes.
• Hydraulic function appeared to be intimately linked to
growth performance.
• Weakly estimates to WUE(water use efficiency) and the strong estimates to RGR(Relative
Growth Rate). (Fichot et al., 2010)
• There is a great diversity in the levels of drought tolerance from the reduction of biomass
accumulation under moderate drought, in P. × euramericana genotypes.
• Of the most productive genotypes, many were drought susceptible.
• The less productive genotypes displayed a large range of drought tolerance.
• The magnitude of leaf area reduction under water deficit is a good indicator of the drought
susceptibility of the genotype.
• The decrease of change in response to moderate drought is necessary but not sufficient to
explain the diversity of drought tolerance in P. × euramericana.
• Because change scaled positively with stomatal conductance in moderate drought conditions.
• These results support the idea that diversity for change is mainly driven by stomatal
conductance.
• Populus nigra populations have been previously over-exploited for timber too and these
populations are now being replaced by hybrids (de Rigo et al. 2016).
• In Europe this population is threatened by human disturbance.
• Within Europe hybrids also pose another threat to species.
• Genetic introgression from cultivated clones and other Populus spp. is becoming common
(Vanden Broeck 2003).
• The significant differences in soil C and N mass fractions in the 0–15 cm soil layer were
demonstrated between former cropland and pasture.
• This was reflected only to a small extent in different growth performance of the trees planted
on both former land use types.
• This former land use effect was clearly outperformed by the genotypic variation during the
second growing season. M.S.Verlinden 2006
• There were broad differences in tree growth traits among the genotypes studied.
• Similar genotypic variation has been reported for the establishment of Populus and Salix on
contaminated soils (Greger and Landberg, 1999; Jordahl, 1997; Moffat et al., 2001; Perttu
and Kowalik, 1997).
• In our study, Populus exhibited the greatest diameter, volume, and leaf dry mass, while Salix
had greater height and dry mass of the stems and roots.
• Moreover, our second hypothesis was upheld for variation in height, volume, and root dry
mass.
• Genetic variation in stomatal traits and change was large within as well as between the
different poplar species and their hybrids.
• There were no direct relationships between stomatal traits and plant growth or change.
• In this study, stomatal traits are of limited value as criteria for selection of genotypes with
good growth and large WUE. (Dillen, Sophie Y.2008)
• In a previous work, we identified three Populus deltoides clones planted in the Paraná Delta
area with different degrees of growth reduction under flooding.
• The degree of growth reduction correlated with the overall reduction in total leaf area,
individual leaf size and leaf expansion rate (Luquez et al. 2012)
• Drought is one of the most important constraints limiting the growth of plants and ecosystem
productivity around the world (Passioura, 1996; Aussenac, 2000).
• Plant responses to water deficit are complex and encompass many aspects, including stress
sensing and signaling, changes in growth and biomass allocation patterns. (Passioura,
1996; Chaves et al., 2003)
• The species is vulnerable to rust disease Melampsora laricis-populina which although does
not always result in mortality, results in a considerable reduction in growth volume
(deRigo etal. 2016)
 MATERIAL AND METHOD
LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENT OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN

• Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) is in the extreme north of Pakistan in the inner Himalayas

• beyond the effective reach of monsoon rains
• (between 35-37°N and 72-75°E)
• bordering Xinjiang China in the north.
• It borders with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the South.
• To its east Ladakh, Kargil and Pulwama districts of Indian Kashmir are situated.
 Majority of landscape is situated above 2000 m elevation.
 Total geographical area 7.04 million hectares
 mountains (34%)
 natural rangelands (46%)
 Forest cover (9.5%)
 Cultivated agriculture lands 10%
 Population 1.5 million with a low density of 20 person /km².
 STUDY AREA
District Ghanche
 Ghanche is the easternmost district of the Northern Areas, Pakistan.
 Northeast ……....................Xinjiang (China)
 North and northwest…….. Skardu District
 West ……………………………… Astore District
 South i……………………….…….Ladakh District India
 The capital of Ghanche District is Khaplu.
 This is the coldest place in Pakistan
• It is situated between
• 35012 to 35056 north latitude and
• 76021 to 760 48 on east longitudes.
• Administratively the district divided in to three sub divisions Daghoni, Mashabrum,and Khaplu.
• Summer is moderate.
• The mountains also block out the summer monsoon and summer rainfall therefore it receives a
little rainfall due to these mountains.
• severe winter weather.
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE
AVERAGE RAINFALL
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

• Samples trees were measured from different types of plantations.

• Forest plntations.
• Road side plantations.
• Agroforestry plantations on different farmlands of local community.
• 100 trees were taken as samples randomly from each type of plantations.
• Diameter, height and volume of different age class were determined.
• In this way we have the growth rate and volume production of Populus nigra in different
plantaions.