Presented by: Muazma kiran

Presented to:Miss Anila Irum

UTTERANCE
SENTENCE
PROPOSITION
 Any stretch of talk, by one
person, before and after which
there is a silence on the part of
that person; the use by a
particular speaker, on a
particular occasion, of a piece
of language.
 It is conceived abstractly, a
string of words put together
by grammatical rules of a
language.
 I would like a cup of coffee - - - sentence? Yes

“Coffee, please?”
sentence? No, Utterance? Yes.

Please put it in the kitchen? sentence? yes

Can one talk of a loud
sentence?
Can one talk of a slow
utterance?
 Harry took out the garbage
Harry took the garbage out

How many propositions are there?

Ho many sentences are there?

John gave Mary a book

Mary was given a book by John
 I have an account at the Bank of
Scotland
We steered the raft to the other bank of the river

Fred hit me
There is no Fred at this address

What does “Fred” refer to in the 1 st and 2 nd sentence?

 Every expression that has
meaning has sense, but not
every expression has
reference.
 To know the meaning of a sentence is to know
under what condition that sentence would be
true.

Tarki’s definition of truth:

Sis true if and only if P

S= sentence
P = the condition which guarantee the truth of S
Sentence A is synonymous with B means
that A has the same meaning as B
my brother is a bachelor
my brother has never married
Sentence A entails B means that if A then
automatically B
the anarchist assassinated the emperor
the emperor is died
Sentence A contradicts B means that A is
inconsistent with B
my brother Sibtain has just come from Rome
my brother Sibtain has never been to Rome
Sentence B presupposes B means that A is
part of the assumed background against
which A is said
the Mayor of Manchester is a women
there is a Mayor of Manchester
Sentence A is a tautology means that A is
automatically true by virtue of its own
meaning, but informationally empty
Ireland is Ireland
In Semantics, to understand logic and truth,
we should recognize:
Truth value - - - - - w h e t h e r a sentence is being
true or false
Truth Condition - - - - t h e facts that would
have to obtain in reality to make a sentence
true or false
Based on what a speaker knows
(epistemology), truth can be:
a priori truth - - - Tr u t h is known before or
without experience
a posteriori t r u t h - - - - Truth can only be
known on the basis of empirical testing
Necessary truth - - - - c a n n o t be denied
without forcing a contradiction
Two and two make four
Contingent truth - - - - - c a n be contradicted,
depending on the facts
cactus is extinct
Analytic truth - - - t r u t h follows from the
meaning relations within the sentence,
regardless of any relationship with the world.
My father is my father
Synthetic truth - - - being true is because of
the facts of the world
My father is a sailor
• Contradictory truth:while analytic sentences
are true as a result of words in
them,contradictory sentences are necessarily
false for the same reason.
• A silver colorless dress.
• A melodious noise.