Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HKJGJH
HKJGJH
School :- SMK Seafield, Jalan USJ 2/5, Subang Jaya, Selangor D.E.
Candidate :- ________________________________________
I / C No. :- ________________________________________ Date :- ( Expt. Day ) .
Expt. No. :- 1 Index No. :- __________________________
Multiplication or Division
If p xx y or p x y ,
p x y x y
then fractional error = or p p .
p x y x y
p
and percentage error = x 100 % .
p
In general
xa yb
If p k , ( with k no error )
zc
p x y z x y z
then fractional error = a b c or p = a b c p ,
p x y z x y z
p
and percentage error = x 100 % .
p
4
(f) The error Δρg for ρg for the result is calculated using the expression,
m 2d l
g x g .
m d l
Density (4)
Results :- Part I : Determination of the density of water
(i)
( ii )
mean
mean
Density (5)
Calculation :-
m1 m0
(I) Density of water , w
V
g cm 3
g cm 3
kg m 3
m
( II ) Density of glass , g
V
m
1 2
d l
4
kg m 3
kg m 3
kg m 3
Error analysis :
w (m1 mo ) V w
( I) and x 100 % = %
w 1
( m m o ) V w
%
%
Density (6)
(m1 mo ) V
w x w
1
( m m o ) V
kg m 3
kg m 3
kg m 3 ( 1 sig. fig. )
m 2d l
g x g .
m d l
kg m 3
kg m 3
kg m 3 ( 1 sig. fig. )
Hence, w ( ) kg m 3
and g ( ) kg m 3
Density (7)
Discussion :-
(a) Precautions
1. Any zero error of the triple - beam balance may be eliminated by turning the zero adjustment screw.
2. Ensure that the pointer of the triple - beam balance is stable before its reading is taken.
3. Ensure that no water remains attached to the inner wall of the measuring cylinder above the water
level before its volume is taken.
4. Ensure that the volume of the water is read from the flattened part of the meniscus with the
measuring cylinder placed on a level surface when its volume is taken to avoid parallax error.
5. As the diameter d of the glass rod is small, its contribution of fractional error to the fractional error
of the density of glass calculated is large. Moreover, the diameter itself may not be perfectly uniform
throughout its entire length. Hence the diameter d must be measured to a high degree of accuracy
by taking readings at perpendicular directions at different locations along its length using a
micrometer screw gauge. The mean is then calculated for further computations.
6. Any zero errors of the half - metre rule or micrometer screw gauge must be recorded and
corrections made for the readings taken with them ( or eliminated by resetting for the latter ).
7. Ensure that the direction of vision is perpendicular to the scale of the measuring equipment at the
point whose reading is required to avoid parallax error.
4
Density (8)
(c) comment
1. A larger amount of water , e.g. 1000 cm3 , measured with a bigger capacity measuring cylinder
of the same or better accuracy may improve accuracy by giving smaller fractional errors in its
mass and volume which lead to a smaller fractional error of the density calculated.
2. Similarly, a glass rod with bigger dimensions of length and diameter can improve accuracy in their
respective measurement by contributing smaller fractional errors and consequently the density
obtained. Alternatively, a glass block in the shape of a cuboid of a few cm dimensions may be
used instead.
Conclusion :-
( I ) Density of water , w ( ) kg m 3
( II ) Density of glass, g ( ) kg m 3