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Lecture 02 - Machine Fundamentals
Lecture 02 - Machine Fundamentals
Lecture 2: Electro-Mechanical
Fundamentals
Instructor:
Dr. Gleb V. Tcheslavski
Contact:
gleb@ee.lamar.edu
Office Hours:
TBD; Room 2030
Class web site: MyLamar
1.4. Loads are all types of electricity consuming devises: motors, electric
lighting, computers, TVs, phones…
Majority of electric machines rotate about an axis called a shaft of the machine.
2.1. Angular position - an angle at which the object is oriented with respect
to an arbitrary reference point.
Here F is an acting force, r is the vector pointing from the axis of rotation to the
point where the force is applied, is the angle between two vectors.
W
If the torque is constant:
(2.10.2)
dW
P [W ] (2.10.3)
dt
For a constant torque:
dW d ( ) d
P (2.10.4)
dt dt dt
ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering Spring 2008
11
Where H [A-turns/m] is the intensity of the magnetic field produced by the current Inet
Ni
I net NiH (2.12.2)
lc
ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering Spring 2008
13
Ni
Magnetic flux density: B H (2.13.1)
lc
where 0 r is the magnetic permeability of a material.
0 4 107 H mthe permeabilityof freespace
r – the relative permeability
NiA
BA (2.13.3)
lc
ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering Spring 2008
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F = R (2.14.2)
1
Permeance: P= (2.15.1)
R
NiA A
Magnetic flux: = FP = BA = F (2.15.2)
lc lc
lc
Therefore, the reluctance: R (2.15.3)
A
1 1 1 1
Parallel connection: ... (2.15.5)
R eq R 1 R 2 RN
Since the effective area of the air gap is 1.05 x 12 = 12.6 cm2, its reluctance:
la 0.0005
Ra 316000 A turns / Wb
0 Aa 4 10 0.00126
7
F = R = Ni BAR
Therefore:
Since the air gap flux was required, the effective area of the gap was used.
R eq R s R a1 R r R a 2 751000 A turns / Wb
F Ni
R R
Ni 200 1
B 0.19T
A R A 751000 0.0014
BA (2.24.2)
Ferromagnetic materials are essential since they allow to produce much more
flux for the given mmf than when air is used.
When an external magnetic field is applied, the domains pointing in the direction of
that field grow since the atoms at their boundaries physically switch their orientation
and align themselves in the direction of magnetic field. This increases magnetic flux
in the material which, in turn, causes more atoms to change orientation. As the
strength of the external field increases, more domains change orientation until almost
all atoms and domains are aligned with the field. Further increase in mmf can cause
only the same flux increase as it would be in a vacuum. This is a saturation.
d
eind N (2.28.2)
dt
eind – voltage induced in the coil
N – number of turns of wire in the coil
- magnetic flux passing through the coil
The minus sign is frequently omitted since the polarity is easy to figure out.
The equation (2.28.2) assumes that the same flux is passing through each turn
of the coil. If the windings are closely coupled, this assumption almost holds.
In most cases, a flux leakage occurs. Therefore, more accurately:
di
ei (2.30.1)
dt
N N
di d N
ForN turns :eind ei i (2.30.2)
i 1 i 1 dt dt i 1
d
eind (2.30.3)
dt
N
- a flux linkage of the coil: i Wb turns (2.30.4)
i 1
F IB (2.32.1)
For a wire of length l caring a current i in a magnetic field with a flux density B that
makes an angle to the wire, the magnitude of the force is:
eind v B l (2.33.1)
Where v is the velocity of the wire, l is its length in the magnetic field, B – the
magnetic flux density
P VI (2.34.1)
Where V is the root mean square (rms) value of a voltage applied to the load.
For inductive loads, is positive and the current lags the voltage.
The second term represents an reactive power: power that is transmitted to the
load and then reflected back to the power source either through electric energy
stored in a capacitor or through magnetic energy stored in an inductor.
ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering Spring 2008
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Q VI sin (2.37.1)
By the convention, Q is positive for inductive loads and negative for capacitive
loads. Units are volt-amperes reactive (var).
S VI VA] (2.37.2)
Therefore:
P I 2 Z cos (2.38.2)
Q I 2 Z sin (2.38.3)
S I 2Z
Z is the magnitude of the impedance reactance
P I 2R (2.38.5)
Q I2X (2.38.6)
S P jQ VI* (2.39.1)
and denote:
S VI* V I VI (2.39.2)
7.3. The relationship between impedance angle, current angle, and power
V Ve j 0 V j V
I = j e (2.40.1)
Z Ze Z Z
If the impedance angle of the load is positive,
the phase angle of the current flowing through
the load will lag the phase angle of voltage.
Inductive
If the impedance angle is positive, the load is load
said to consume both real and reactive power
from the source (the reactive power is positive)
The real, reactive, and apparent power supplied to a load are related
by the power triangle.
Since the sign of the impedance angle does not affect the PF, it is usually
specified whether the current is leading or lagging the voltage.
ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering Spring 2008