6-1dist Part 1 - New

Distance Protection for transmission
lines: part 1
Power Transmission
and Distribution
© Siemens AG 2006
Why impedance protection?
Situation: Meshed network and two infeeds

Directional overcurrent time relays
0,6s 0,3s
0,6s 0,3s
0,6s 0,3s
0,6s 0,3s
non-selective trip
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 2 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection – Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Basic principle of impedance protection
Localization of short-circuits by means of an impedance measurement:
- fault on the protected line

Z1
relay A
- fault outside the protected line Z2
relay A
selectivity
©
Siemens AG 2006
Distance measurement (principle)
IL1 ZL
IL2 ZL = RL + j XL
6 loops : 3 phase- phase loops and
3 phase- ground loops IL3
ZE = RE +j XE
IE ZE
UL1 UL2 UL3
phase- phase -loop: UL1-L2 = ZL ( IL1 - IL2) phase-ground-loop: UL1 = L1 · ( RL + j XL )- E · ( RE +j XE)
Measured current
measured voltage L1, E measured current
UL1 measured voltage
The same applies to the remaining loops The same applies to the remaining loops
©
Siemens AG 2006
Principle of (analog) distance relaying
ISC
ZS A ZL B
ZSC
E
U1= k1 USC= k1 ISCZSC.
Relay design:
comparator operation if
U1< U2
i.e. ZSC< Z Replica
X ZReplica
U2=k2 ISC Z Replica Ext. fault
Z Replica (line replica impedance)
(corresponds to the set zone reach) Internal fault
R
©
Siemens AG 2006
Complex impedance measurement
Normal operation: Metallic fault: Resistive fault:

ZL=RL+jXL ZL ZL
I I I
V Z Load V V
Rf
Fault on the next line
X Resistive fault
XL
Normal operation
Fault on the line
 Fault distance can be estimated from the reactance

©
Siemens AG 2006
Load and short-circuit impedances
ZL
distance relay
ZLF1
operating
characteristic ZLF2
Fault area
X RF RF
F1 F2 ZLoad
ZL D
ZLF2 Phase - Phase Fault
RR ZF2
RR  RF / 2
ZLoad
RR Phase - Earth Fault
ZLF1 ZF1
RR  RF /(1 + RE/RL)
jL
jSC2
Fault in jSC1 R
Minimum Load Impedance:
reverse Minimum voltage 0,9 Un
direction Load area Maximum current 1,1 In
Maximum angle  30°
©
Siemens AG 2006
Typical distance zone-characteristic
MHO-circle shifted circle
X ZSC'
X ZR
ZSC'
external ZSC
ZSC fault
centre
internal
fault R
 j
R
polarised
MHO-circle X quadrilateral
X
ZS = 0
RF XA
ZL settable arc
ZSC-L compensation
R Rarc
ZS small
RA R
ZS high ZS
©
Siemens AG 2006
Determination of fault direction
Fault location Where is the fault ?
Current area for Impedance area for

forward faults X forward faults
USC
SC ZSC
jSC
jSC
R
SC Z'SC
Current area for Impedance area for
reverse faults reverse faults
current / voltage diagram impedance diagram
The impedance also shows the direction, but ....

©
Siemens AG 2006
Impedance measurement and directional determination
Why impedance measurement and directional determination separately?

A B
line characteristic
X
fault with arc resistance
in forward direction
fault in forward direction
close-in fault
R
fault in reverse
direction
direction may be determined together with the impedance measurement

but: problems may arise in certain cases (e.g. close-in faults)
separate directional determination required!
©
Siemens AG 2006
Alternatives for the directional measurement
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ fault L1-E
Z grid relay Z line
Distance Measurement Direction Measurement

VL1
VL1
Vf VL1 Vf Method 1 Method 2
Vf
VL3 If
If If
VL2
faulty phase voltage VL2
VL3
VL3 VL2-L3 VL2
healthy-phase voltage voltage memory

(phase to phase voltage) (pre-fault voltage)
©
Siemens AG 2006
Directional measurement
Summery of all 3 methods
uRI = uL2-L3
uf = uL1
if(t)
uL1

 Distance measurement

Measuring uL1 if
 Direction measurement

window if
 with voltage memory
uL2-L3 
 Direction measurement
 with unfaulted voltage
if
©
Siemens AG 2006
Fault detection techniques
Over-current fault detection

Voltage dependant X
over-current fault detection
U Voltage and
angle dependant
over-current
fault detection R
Impedance
fault
detection
I> Ij> I >> I
Not in 7SA522
©
Siemens AG 2006
Why several zones?
 Trip in first-zone time
Trip only if there is no fast fault


clearance by other relays
 etc.
X t
Diagrams: t3
X3
X2
t2
X1
t1
R X1 X2 X
Impedance plain Time-grading diagram

©
Siemens AG 2006
Determination of grading times
(With numerical relays 250 ms is possible)
2nd Zone: It must initially allow the 1st zone on the neighbouring feeder(s) to clear the fault.
The grading time therefore results from the addition of the following times:
• operating time of the neighbouring feeder mechanical 25 - 80 ms

static: 15 - 40
digital: 15 - 30
+ circuit breaker operating time HV / EHV: 60 ms (3 cycles) / 40 ms (2 cycles)

MV up to about 80 ms (4 cycles)
+ distance relay reset time mechanical: approx. 60-100 ms

static: approx. 30 ms
digital: approx. 20 ms.
+ errors of the distance relay internal timers mechanical: 5% of the set time, minimum 60-100 ms
static: 3% of the set time, minimum 10 ms
digital: 1% of the set time, minimum 10 ms
- distance protection starting time *) mechanical: O/C starter: 10 ms, impedance starter: 25 ms
static: O/C starter: 5 ms, impedance starter: 25 ms
digital: generally 15 ms
+ safety margin (ca.) grading; mechanical-mechanical: 100 ms

static/digital-mechanical or vice versa: 75 ms
digital-digital or static-static 50 ms
*) only relevant if the set relay times relate to the instant of fault detection / zone pick-up. This is the case with all Siemens relays. There are
other relays where the time is adapted by software to relate to the instant of fault inception. In the latter case the starting time has to be
dropped. © Siemens AG 2006
Reach and time co-ordination
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
Zone 5
t
-75% 0% 85% 100% 120% 150%

©
Siemens AG 2006
Impedance zones of digital relays (7SA6 and 7SA52)
X Z6 Distance zones
Line
Inclined with line angle j
Z5
Angle a prevents overreach of Z1
Z4 on faults with fault resistance
Z2 that are fed from both line ends
Z1B
a
Z1
Load j Load
Fault detection
no fault detection polygon: the
largest zone determines the
Z3
fault detection characteristic
simple setting of load
encroachment area with
Rmin and jLoad
©
Siemens AG 2006
Influence of load flow on the distance
measurement for faults with fault resistance
U1 U2
load
L
ZL1 ZL2 jSC2
jSC1 1
U1 RF U2
1 2
RF = fault resistance
1 2
2 R
2 F
1 RF
RF X RF
X
ZL1 ZL2 An Over-reach
ZSC2 (left) or
ZSC1 ZSC2 sinjSC2
ZSC1 sinjSC1 an Under -reach
(right) is possible.
The grading
jSC1 jSC2
characteristic must
R R be adapted.
2 1
+ 
 + 
R
Z
K1=Z
L1+R
F RF
1 Z
K2=Z
L1+R
F F
2
©
Siemens AG 2006
Graded distance zones
Z3
t = grading time
time Z2 t3
Z1 t2
t1
A B C D
D1 D2 D3
distance
Grading rules:
Z1 = 0,85 ZAB Safety margin is 15 %:

- line error
Z2 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 ZBC) - CT, VT error
Z3 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 (ZBC + 0,85 ZCD)) - measuring error
©
Siemens AG 2006
Grading in a branched radial system
Z3
L2
Z1 L3
L1
Z2
L4
The impedances of the Z2 and Z3 must be grading with the shortest impedance
©
Siemens AG 2006
Selectivity in distance protection,
Teleprotection is the solution
Normal setting: X1 = 0.85 XL
1 2
15% 70% 15%
Faults in this area are Faults in this area are tripped Faults in this area are
tripped from side 2 in from both sides in first-zone tripped from side 2 in
t2 time t2
Faults on approximately 70% of the line length are cleared

without delay at both line ends
Faults in the remaining 30% of the line length

are cleared with a time delay.
Remedy: Exchange of information between the two line ends
Required: Communication channel (PLC, microwave radio, fibre optic, etc.)

Teleprotection logic (dedicated device or internal
function in numerical protection devices)
©
Siemens AG 2006
Teleprotection schemes
1 2
I see the fault foreward,

but outside zone 1
I clearly see the

fault on my line
After receiving the information Prerequisite for the use of teleprotection schemes
from the opposite end I recognize
that the fault is on my line
• Teleprotection logic in the devices
• Transmission channel (Signal cables, PLC,
Radio link system, Optical fibres, Communication
network)
©
Siemens AG 2006
7SA522 - Permissive underreach transfer trip (PUTT)
A Z1(A) B Z 1B(A)
Z 1B (B) Z 1(B)
Z1 Z1
TS trans- trans- TS
(A) (B)
T1 mit mit T1
Z1B Z1B
T1B T1B
(A) & OR Trip &
Trip OR (A)
Further Further
zones re- re-
ceive zones
ceive
TS
©
Siemens AG 2006
7SA522 - Permissive overreach transfer trip (POTT)
TS
©
Siemens AG 2006
7SA522 - Blocking
A Z1 (A) B Z1B (A) FD (A)

FD (A)
FD (B) Z1B (B) FD (B)

Z1 (B)
d d
dt
(u,i) dt
(u,i)
(A) 40 ms 40 ms (B)
Forw. Forw.
(A) (B)
TS 1 transm. transm. 1 TS
FD & & FD
(A) (B)
TV TV
Z1B Z1B
& &
T1B 1 1 T1B
(A) trip trip (B)
Z1 or Z1 or
further further
zones rec. rec. zones
TS
TV
©
Siemens AG 2006
7SA522 - Unblocking
A Z1 (A) B Z1B (A)
Z1B (B) Z1(B)
Z1B Z1B
fU fU
T1B T1B
TS 1 transm. f f0 transm.
1 TS
(A) & 0 & (B)
& 1 &
1 trip trip
Z1 or Z1 or
further further
zones U U zones
Unblock- Unblock-
B rec. rec. B
logic logic
f0 – Off frequency (monitoring frequency) U – Unblocking signal

fU – Unblock frequency (send frequency) B – Blocking signal
TS
©
Siemens AG 2006
Power swing detection by trajectory monitoring
x
Fault Impedance
dR(k-n)
Jump from load to
fault impedance
dX(k-n)
swing trajectory
dR(k)
dX(k)
Load
impedance
R
Trajectory monitoring for Detection of power swing 30ms after

Continuous movement start!
No sign change
©
Siemens AG 2006
Practical Application Example for 7SA6
220 kV
100 km OHL
Z1 = 0,25 Ohm/km 85

Z0 = 0,8 Ohm/km 75
7SA6 IF Min = 2 kA (phase)
1&3 Pole trip IF Min = 0,5 kA (earth)
21 with Quadrilateral
Teleprotection - POTT
©
Siemens AG 2006
Plant Data
220 kV Make a diagram
1200 / 1 220 kV / 0.1 kV
L1 of how the plant
L2 is connected to
L3 the relay
220 kV / 0.1 kV
L1 L2 L3
©
Siemens AG 2006
Binary I/O
Refer to
System Description
Chapter 5
Relay PICKUP
Allocate the required Distance teleprotection send
functions to the
available binary
Trip L1
inputs and outputs Trip L2
Trip L3
The number of AR Close
available binary
inputs and outputs General supervision alarm
depends on the
hardware version
Relay alarm/live contact
©
Siemens AG 2006
Configuration
First step is configuration - Functions that are disabled here will not appear later.
Refer to Manual - Chapter 2.1 General
©
Siemens AG 2006
Routing in DIGSI Matrix
Route the selected functions to the binary inputs and outputs in the matrix
©
Siemens AG 2006
Set Power system data1 - Transformers
Make sure the entered settings match the plant data

Refer to Manual - Chapter 2.1 General
©
Siemens AG 2006
Power system data1 - Power system
Select the mode for zero sequence compensation: RE/RL and XE/XL or
K0 and angle K0 Refer to Manual - Chapter 2.1
©
Siemens AG 2006
Power system data 1 - Breaker
Enter closing time of breaker if sync check with async closing is used
Refer to Manual - Chapter 2.1
©
Siemens AG 2006
Setting Group A
Setting blocks for the functions enabled during configuration

are available in Setting Group A
(if setting group changeover is selected, also Group B, C and D)
Refer to Manual - Chapter 2.1
©
Siemens AG 2006
Setting Group A: Power System Data 2
Select entry of impedance in primary or secondary values.
CT and VT ratio may not change after entry with primary values
Separate setting
for Z1 and
remaining zones
Refer to Manual Incorrect entries may lead to wrong protection operation

Chapter 2.1 or incorrect measured value / fault location data
©
Siemens AG 2006
Calculation of residual compensation factors
Use the RE/RL and XE/XL or K0 and angle K0 setting (selected during configuration)
RE 1 R0 XE 1 X0
= - 1 = - 1
RL 3 R1 XL 3 X1
As only ratios are used either primary or secondary impedance may be used. The
values may apply to the whole line or be per unit length
R1 = 0,25 cos 85 = 0,022  R0 = 0,8 cos 75 = 0,207 

X1 = 0,25 sin 85 = 0,249  X0 = 0,8 sin 75 = 0,773 
RE/RL = 1/3 (0,207/0,022 - 1) XE/XL = 1/3 (0,773/0,249 - 1)

RE/RL = 2,80* XE/XL = 0,70
* Note that RE/RL setting increases earth fault reach in R direction. Recommend set < 2
In this example the same setting is used for Zone 1 and the other Zones
©
Siemens AG 2006
Setting Group A: Line Status
The line status (open/closed) is required by several functions
(e.g. E/F protection blocking during single pole open).
Current, voltage and

auxiliary contacts
may be used to
check the line status.
After line closure

special protection
functions may be
activated for a set
Time (SOTF)
Refer to Manual
Chapter 2.1 Release of manual close command may be subject to sync check
©
Siemens AG 2006
Setting Group A: Distance protection, general settings
This is similar
to ON/OFF with
binary input
Used to set
load area in
polygon
Single pole trip

in Zone 2 can be
selected
Refer to Manual
The overreach zone Z1b may be controlled by the recloser Chapter 2.2
©
Siemens AG 2006
Calculate the Load Area setting
Maximum load current = 2200 A

Minimum operating voltage = 90%
Min Power factor cosj = 0,85
RLOAD (min) = Umin / 3 ILmax
RLOAD (min) = 0,9  220 kV / 3  2200 A

= 95  (prim.)
Max Load Angle = 1,2 * arccos (cos j )

RLOAD (min)
Max Load Angle = 1,2* arccos ( 0,85)

= 38º Max Load Angle
©
Siemens AG 2006
Setting Group A: Distance protection, Earth faults
Set the threshold

for earth fault
pickup
Additional
settings have the
supplement A
Refer to Manual
Chapter 2.2
©
Siemens AG 2006
Setting Group A: Distance protection, Time Delays
Set the zone

timers:
Separate
setting for
1 and multi
phase faults
in Z1, Z2 and
Z1b
The same parameters are Setting infinity () may be

also shown with the applied for clarity to unused
individual zone settings. zones.
©
Siemens AG 2006
Setting Group A: Distance zones, Zone 1
Set mode for Zone1

- Forward
- Reverse
- Non-directional
- Inactive
Set reach for

Zone1 Primary
or secondary
Set time delay

for Zone1 The zone reduction angle is only available for Zone1
(Same as under (Used to prevent overreach resulting from load current
general settings in the presence of resistive faults)
Settings for further Zones is similar

©
Siemens AG 2006
Saving and transfer of settings
Save the settings with the FILE Menu
To transfer settings to
the RELAY mode must
be ONLINE
Icon lights up when

settings in PC do not
match the settings in
the relay. Click icon to
transfer settings to
the RELAY
Information retrieval from the relay or file (if info was saved) is possible
here: event log, trip log etc. / primary and secondary measured values
/ oscillographic recordings
©
Siemens AG 2006
Setting Group A: High Current Switch on to Fault
Following energisation of the line (recognition of CB close) the
high speed SOTF clears bolted faults.
Function must be switched ON
Pick-up setting must be above

maximum expected charging
current
©
Siemens AG 2006
SIPROTEC 4 Distance Protection
Buck up over current
If not all stages are required, each individual stage can be deactivated by setting the pickup threshold to ∞.
But if you set only an associated time delay to ∞ this does not suppress the pickup signals but prevents the
timers from running
©
Siemens AG 2006
SIPROTEC 4 Distance Protection
STUB protection for 11/2-circuit breaker arrangement
Busbar A
IA
CB
feeder 1
(A)
Ik = IA+ IB line isolator 1
stub fault
CB
(C)
IB
line isolator 2
feeder 2
CB
(B)
Release of STUB-stage with open line isolator:

Busbar B
The stub protection is an over current prot. which is only in service when the state of the
isolator indicates the open conditions via a binary input “>I-STUB ENABLE”
©
Siemens AG 2006
Polarizing Options for Directional Earth Fault Relays
Directional Characteristic (U0 and IY)
*)
I0P U0P U2P I0L, I2L
*) not needed for numerical relays,

U0P may also be internally calculated
©
Siemens AG 2006
7SA522
High Resistance Earth Fault Protection: functional diagram
Earth fault
direction
Inrush- EF IE> Echo Tele-

stabilisation EF Fault Det. protection
SOTF
>EF Trip rel.
Direc. 3I0>>> =
P
&
P 3I0>>>
EF>>> Trip
& T
>EF>>> block 3I0>>> Def. Time Stage

3I0>> Def. Time Stage
3I0> Def. Time Stage
P Direc. 3I0p
= &
P 3I0p
P3146 AddTdelay
EFp Trip
&
T(3I0/IN)
T
>EFp block Inverse Time Stage
= Input signal P = Parameter = Output Signal

(binary input) (alarm, command)
©
Siemens AG 2006
Generation of RIO-File in DIGSI 4 (Part 1)
Only relevant for distance

protection !
©
Siemens AG 2006
Generation of RIO-File in DIGSI 4 (Part 2)
Only relevant for

distance protection !
FALSE at I(nom) = 1A
TRUE at I(nom) = 5A
©
Siemens AG 2006

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Distance Protection for transmission

Situation: Meshed network and two infeeds

Localization of short-circuits by means of an impedance measurement:

- fault on the protected line

- fault outside the protected line Z2

UL1 UL2 UL3

U1= k1 USC= k1 ISCZSC.

Normal operation: Metallic fault: Resistive fault:

Fault on the next line

 Fault distance can be estimated from the reactance

Fault location Where is the fault ?

Current area for Impedance area for

current / voltage diagram impedance diagram

The impedance also shows the direction, but ....

Why impedance measurement and directional determination separately?

direction may be determined together with the impedance measurement

Distance Measurement Direction Measurement

healthy-phase voltage voltage memory

Over-current fault detection

I> Ij> I >> I

 Trip in first-zone time

Trip only if there is no fast fault

Impedance plain Time-grading diagram

• operating time of the neighbouring feeder mechanical 25 - 80 ms

+ circuit breaker operating time HV / EHV: 60 ms (3 cycles) / 40 ms (2 cycles)

+ distance relay reset time mechanical: approx. 60-100 ms

+ safety margin (ca.) grading; mechanical-mechanical: 100 ms

-75% 0% 85% 100% 120% 150%

Z1 = 0,85 ZAB Safety margin is 15 %:

Normal setting: X1 = 0.85 XL

15% 70% 15%

Faults on approximately 70% of the line length are cleared

Faults in the remaining 30% of the line length

Remedy: Exchange of information between the two line ends

Required: Communication channel (PLC, microwave radio, fibre optic, etc.)

I see the fault foreward,

I clearly see the

A Z1 (A) B Z1B (A) FD (A)

FD (B) Z1B (B) FD (B)

A Z1 (A) B Z1B (A)

Z1B (B) Z1(B)

f0 – Off frequency (monitoring frequency) U – Unblocking signal

Trajectory monitoring for Detection of power swing 30ms after

Z1 = 0,25 Ohm/km 85

Allocate the required Distance teleprotection send

The number of AR Close

Make sure the entered settings match the plant data

Setting blocks for the functions enabled during configuration

Refer to Manual Incorrect entries may lead to wrong protection operation

R1 = 0,25 cos 85 = 0,022  R0 = 0,8 cos 75 = 0,207 

RE/RL = 1/3 (0,207/0,022 - 1) XE/XL = 1/3 (0,773/0,249 - 1)

Current, voltage and

After line closure

Single pole trip

Maximum load current = 2200 A

RLOAD (min) = Umin / 3 ILmax

RLOAD (min) = 0,9  220 kV / 3  2200 A

Max Load Angle = 1,2 * arccos (cos j )

Max Load Angle = 1,2* arccos ( 0,85)

Set the threshold

Set the zone

The same parameters are Setting infinity () may be

Set mode for Zone1