Computer 1

LESSON 1:
CHARACTERISTICS OF
COMPUTER
LESSON OBJECTIVES
• Define computer;
• Differentiate data and information; and
• Enumerate and Explain the Characteristics of
Computer.
COMPUTER is an electronic device which is used
to store the data, as per given instruction it
gives results quickly and accurately.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DATA AND
INFORMATION
DATA is a raw material INFORMATION is the

of information proper collection of the
data
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
1. SPEED – no human being can compete to solving

complex computation, faster than computer.
2. ACCURACY – Whatever input we give, it

gives result accurately.
3. STORAGE – Computer can store mass storage

of data.
4. DILIGENCE – Computer can work for hours

without any break and creating error.
5. VERSATILITY - We can use computer to perform

completely different type of work at the same time.
6. POWER OF REMEMBERING – It can remember
data for us.
7. NO I.Q. – Computer does not work without

instruction.
8. NO FEELING – Computer does not have
emotions, knowledge, experience, feelings.
LESSON 2:
LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER
LESSON OBJECTIVES
• Enumerate and explain the Limitations of Computer.

1.The computer can only do what you tell it to do.

It will only give you what you ask.
2. It cannot generate information on its own.
Your computer depends on you.
3. The computer will give you wrong information if you
feed it wrong.
Computer cannot distinguish between correct data
and wrong data.
4. The computer cannot correct wrong instruction.
If you give the computer wrong instruction, it will not
able to do anything to correct it.
LESSON 3:
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
(CPU)
LESSON OBJECTIVES
• Define central processing unit;

• Recognize the two parts of system unit;
• Identify the different parts if internal and external parts
of system unit.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
-is the main processing component of a computer system that

processes data.
It is FOUND INSIDE the system unit which serve as our processing
device
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYSTEM UNIT AND C.P.U.
SYSTEM UNIT HAS TWO SETS OF PARTS:
1. EXTERNAL PARTS
-parts that are found outside the system unit.
SYSTEM UNIT HAS TWO SETS OF PARTS:
2. INTERNAL PARTS
- Parts that are found inside the system unit
EXTERNAL PARTS OF A SYSTEM UNIT
1. CD ROM DRIVE –This is where the compact disk is inserted.
2. FLOPPY DISK DRIVE – This is where the floppy disk is inserted.
3. CASING – This is a cover that protects the internal parts of the
system unit.
4. LED INDICATOR – These are the lights in front of the system unit.
5. RESET SWITCH – This restarts the computer without turning it off.
6. POWER SWITCH – This switches the computer on and off.
CD ROM DRIVE
FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

CASING LED INDICATOR
RESET SWITCH
POWER SWITCH
INTERNAL PARTS OF A SYSTEM UNIT
1. POWER SUPPLY – provides

power to the computer by
converting the standard
voltage of your ordinary
outlet into either 5 or 12 volts
DC for the various parts of
your computer.
2. FAN – keeps the

microprocessor, power supply
and system unit from
overheating by taking in cool
air and blowing out the hot
air.
3. VIDEO CARD – an
adapter card used in
processing and displaying
information for the monitor.
4. MOTHERBOARD - the
circuit board that includes all
the necessary chips and slots
to make the computer run.
5. HARD DISK DRIVE –

contains magnetic platters
within a sealed case which
acts as storage area of the
computer that stores the
operating system and other
data.
6. FLOPPY DISK DRIVE –

reads and writes onto a 3 ½
floppy disk much in the same
way as a hard disk drive but
is slower and with much less
capacity.
7. COMPACT DISK (CD)

ROM DRIVE – designed to
read optical disks.
8. RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY (RAM) - The CPU’s
short term memory. Data
stored in RAM can be
accessed very quickly, but it
disappears when the power
is turned off.
9. NETWORK INTERFACE
CARD – used to allow
computers to be communicate
over a computer network.
10. CENTRAL PROCESSING

UNIT - also called the
microprocessor which
processes instruction to
perform specific tasks
initiated by the user.
LESSON 4:
COMPUTER PERIPHERALS
LESSON OBJECTIVES
• Recognize the various types of peripheral devices;
• Identify the different examples of peripheral
devices.
COMPUTER PERIPHERAL
-is a device that is connected to a computer
but is not part of the core computer
architecture.
CORE ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER
1. Central Processing Unit

2. Power Supply
3. Motherboard
TYPES OF PERIPHERAL DEVICES
1. Input devices, such as a mouse and a keyboard
2. Output devices, such as a monitor and a printer
3. Storage devices, such as a hard drive or flash
drive
LESSON 5:
INPUT DEVICES
LESSON OBJECTIVE
•Define hardware and software;
•Identify the different input devices
Computer system is composed of two (2)
components:
1. Hardware
2. Software
Hardware – the physical components of the
computer system such as monitor, keyboard,
mouse and the like
Software – a list of instructions a computer
needed to run programs such as Microsoft
Windows XP, Adobe Photoshop, and Microsoft
Word
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
INPUT DEVICES
These refer to equipment or devices that
interact with the computer because they accept
instructions from the users.
INPUT DEVICES
There are two (2) basic input devices which
are commonly used in personal computers,
1. the keyboard and
2. the mouse.
BASIC INPUT DEVICES
Keyboard
-an external device that sends its signals to the
computer via a long wire or sensor for the wireless
keyboards
BASIC INPUT DEVICES
Keyboard
-used to enter data into the computer, as you type
the contents of a research work
BASIC INPUT DEVICES
Keyboard
-also used to type commands directing the computer
to perform certain actions
BASIC INPUT DEVICES
Keyboard
-the standard layout of letters, numbers, and
punctuation is known as a QWERTY keyboard
because the first six keys on the top row of letters
spell QWERTY.
BASIC INPUT DEVICES
Keyboard has five (5) main parts namely:
KEYBOARD
1. Alphanumeric keys – keys of letters and numbers
2. Numeric keypad – a calculator-like at the right
side of the keyboard
3. Functions keys – have different meanings and
functions depending on which program is running
KEYBOARD
4. Arrow keys – are used for moving the cursor or
insertion point right, left, up or down
5. Special keys – produced no character once
pressed but can take affect a certain command for a
program.
MOUSE
-a pointing device which sits on your work surface and is
held and moved with your hand
-control the mouse pointers (the arrow on the screen)
allowing you to freely navigate different objects around the
screen
THE PARTS OF MOUSE
1. Left Mouse Button – frequently used
2. Right Mouse Button - occasionally used button for
special actions button
THE PARTS OF MOUSE
3. Scroll Wheel – used to move up or down the
display screen, equivalent to using the Page Up or
Page Down keys on your keyboard or to clicking the
scroll bar
4. Palm Rest – where your palm should rest
THE PARTS OF MOUSE
SPECIALIZED INPUT DEVICES
A. Glidepad
-a touch-sensitive pad that acts
like a computer mouse that
moves the mouse pointer or
cursor with the use of a finger
B. Touchscreen
-a computer display that is sensitive to pressure making it possible
for the user to send commands by touching pictures or words on the
screen, such as PDA’s (personal digital assistants), ATM's, car
navigation screens, cell phones, gaming consoles and other types of
appliances that require you to input and receive information
C. Scanner
-an electronic device which
converts pictures or printed text
into digital format allowing the
user to modify and improve the
picture using the computer like
flatbed scanner
D. Digital Camera
-small and portable
device designed to
capture and store
pictures in digital
format
E. Barcode Reader/Barcode
Scanner/Point-of-Sale Scanner
-an electronic device for reading
printed barcodes from the item
bought and is often used in check-out
counters at supermarkets, convenience
store, or malls to automatically list the
price of the purchased item
F. Trackball/Thumb mouse
-looks like an inverted mouse since the ball
islocated at the top of the device and is
rotated byusing the finger to control the
pointer on acomputer screen; therefore, it
remains stationary
TRACKBALL/THUMB MOUSE
G. Remote control
-often used to control a device by
sending radio or infrared signals
over short distances. A good
example of this is the remote
control unit of your television
H. Microphone
-an input device in which sound
energy (an analog signal) is
changed into electrical energy
(a digital signal) used in
sending or recording sound like
your voice
I. Web camera/Web cam
-a device that enables the users to
view themselves over the internet
allowing them to be seen
simultaneously by their relatives or
friends abroad or to other places like
during chatting and video
conferencing
J. Graphics
tablet/Digitizing tablet
-consists of a flat surface and an
attached stylus allowing the user to
hand-draw images and graphics.
LESSON 6:
OUTPUT DEVICES
LESSON OBJECTIVES
1.Define output device
2.Recognize and identify the different basic and
specialized output devices.
OUTPUT DEVICES
An output device is any peripheral that
receives data from a computer, usually
for display, projection, or physical
reproduction.
Computer output devices get information
out of the computer, delivering data that
has been processed by the computer to
you, the user.
BASIC OUTPUT DEVICES
Monitor
-Shows the processed
information in softcopy on a
screen. A softcopy is a type
of information that we
cannot actually hold.
Monitor
-Displays images, graphics and video.
-There are types of display devices like the Cathode
Ray Tube (CRT), Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and
plasma screen
Printer
-Prints output to a paper
or any printing material.
Printer
-Produce a hard copy version of processed
data such as documents and photographs.
-Prints texts, images or pictures created from
the computer on paper.
Speakers
-Attached to computers for the
output of sound.
-Produce audio data that
require output devices such as
speakers and headphones to
deliver the sound to the user.
SPECIALIZED OUTPUT DEVICE
Projector
-Displays the image on a
wall-sized screen. It is
best for giving lectures to
a big crowd so that
everybody can see the
presentation properly.
Projector
-Shows the processed information in
softcopy on a wide screen.
Modem
-Converts data from analog
signal into digital signal in
order to connect to the
Internet.
Use to give raw data to the
device like computer or
telephone.
Braille Screen
A special type of output
device which is a touch-
sensitive screen intended for
blind and visually impaired
computer users.
Braille Screen
Combines a computer display, voice
output, and interactive functionality.
Plotters
Used for printing big
posters, architectural
drawings and
billboards.
Plotters
Used in designing applications where accuracy
is needed like architectural or engineering
drawings.
Voice Synthesizer
-Used to imitate the human
voice.
-Interpret text and convert
text into tones which sound
like human speech.
Control
Devices/Robots
-Control a machine or
device from the distance.
-Programed to do certain
tasks when told either by
remote control or voice
command.
LESSON 7:
STORAGE DEVICES
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the two kinds of storage devices;
2. Enumerate the types of storage devices
and storage media.
STORAGE DEVICES
1. Primary Storage (Main
Memory) – the internal storage
directly used by the CPU in
processing data or instructions.
TWO KINDS OF MAIN MEMORY
a. Random Access Memory
commonly referred to as RAM, stores data
and instructions that are used by the CPU to
perform tasks done by the user.
RAM
RAM
A RAM is a module inserted on the memory
slots etched on the motherboard. The
instructions in RAM are volatile. When the
computer is turned off, the information in
RAM also disappears.
TWO KINDS OF MAIN MEMORY
b. Read Only Memory
commonly referred to as ROM, stores
instructions that test the computer if all the
devices attached on it are working properly.
ROM
ROM
The software contained in the memory is called the
Basic Input Output System or BIOS.
It prepares itself to load the operating system.
The instructions in ROM are non-volatile. They stay in
ROM even when the computer is turned off.
STORAGE DEVICES
2. Secondary Storage Devices
used to store instructions and data when they
are not being used in memory; disk drive is a
generic term for data storage devices for
computers.
SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES
a.Hard Disk
A hard disk is found inside the computer case
which is made of a stack of rotating disks
called platters. Data is recorded on a series of
tracks that have been divided into sectors.
HARD DISK
It is where the system files of the computer
are stored.
The hard disk is assigned as the drive C: of
the computer.
HARD DISK
b. Compact Disk
A compact disk, more conveniently called a
CD, can be used to put both sound and
images into a computer.
COMPACT DISK
TYPES OF COMPACT DISK
1. CD-ROM (Compact Disk, Read-Only
Memory) – a type of CD that can only be
read by the computer so new data cannot
be added
2. CD-R (Compact Disk-Recordable) – a type of
CD that enables you to store files on them
although once data is written, you cannot erase
it. A CD-R can usually store up to 700 MB of
data
3. CD-RW (Compact Disk-Rewritable) –
unlike a CD-R, CD-RW allows you to
store and erase files on it for a limited
number of times
4. DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) – the newer generation of
optical disk storage technology which is essentially faster
and of greater storage capacity. This kind of optical disk
can hold cinema-like videos, still photos and computer data
better than CDs. A single sided DVD can usually store up to
4.7 GB of data.
c. USB Flash Drive
This device is also known as a flash drive,
thumb drive, pen drive or memory stick.
LESSON 8:
MODEM
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
1. Define modem;
2. Identify the types of modem.
MODEM
•Modem is short for modulator/demodulator.
•Modems are used to connect with an Internet
service provider, and can also be used to send
fax transmissions.
MODEM
•You can either install an internal modem inside
your computer or get an external modem for
greater convenience and ease of installation.
Once connected, the modem will transfer data
back and forth between your computer and
your service provider.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MODEM AND
ROUTER
•Modem connects you to the Internet

•Router connects your devices to Wi-Fi
TYPES OF COMPUTER MODEMS
1. Onboard Modem - Modem built onto the
computer motherboard. These Modems cannot be
removed but can be disabled through a Jumper
or CMOS Setup.
•Internal Modem - Modem that connects to
a PCI slot inside a newer desktop
computer or ISA slot on an older computer.
•External Modem - Modem within a box
that connects to the computer externally,
usually the Serial Ports or USB port.
•Removable Modem - Modem used with
older laptops PCMCIA slot and can be
added or removed as needed.
LESSON 9:
COMPUTER MEMORY
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the main memory of the computer;
2. Recognize the processing devices and its
functions;
3. Compare and contrast primary from
secondary memory.
COMPUTER MEMORY
•The main memory in a computer is
called Random Access Memory.
COMPUTER MEMORY
•It is called "random access" because the
CPU can go directly to any section of main
memory, and does not have go about the
process in a sequential order
COMPUTER MEMORY
•RAM is one of the faster types of
memory, and has the capacity to allow
data to be read and written.
TYPES OF MAIN MEMORY
1. Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
2. Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)
PROCESSING DEVICES
Processing devices are used to process
data using program instructions.
PROCESSING DEVICES
1. The Motherboard The PC‘s main printed circuit board
which is located inside the System Unit.
2. CPU - Central Processing Unit The CPU is a silicon
chip which contains thousands of electronic circuits. Has a
fan to keep it cool. The chip is also known as a
microprocessor
INTERNAL MEMORY DEVICES
RAM (Random Access Memory) is an internal memory device
which temporarily holds data and instructions while
processing is happening. If the CPU is the “brain” of the
computer, then RAM is the “working memory” or "thinking
memory" used to store data just for the programs and
applications being used at that time.
RAM CHIP FUNCTIONS
RAM chips
• Holds what is currently required example: data, system software
and application software
• Temporary holding area for data while processing occurs.
• Volatile – reliant on power so if you lose the power, you lose the
data!!
• More RAM (Megabytes, Gigabytes) provides better performance
as the PC can "think" faster commands and instructions.
•
CACHE
•The cache /ˈkæʃ/ KASH, is a smaller,
faster memory which stores copies of the
data from frequently used main memory
locations.
DEFINITION OF VIRTUAL STORAGE
•Treating all storage media (hard disk, optical

disk, tape, etc.) in the enterprise as a single
pool of storage.
•Storing data on the Internet.
LESSON 10:
GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTER
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
•Recognize the generations of computer;
•Trace the history of computer.
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
Each generation is defined by a significant
technological development that changes
fundamentally how computers operate –
leading to more compact, less expensive, but
more powerful, efficient and robust machines
FIRST GENERATION:
VACUUM TUBES
(1940 – 1956)
FIRST GENERATION:
VACUUM TUBES (1940 – 1956)
These early computers used vacuum tubes as
circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
These first generation computers relied on
‘machine language’ (which is the most basic
programming language that can be understood
by computers)
FIRST GENERATION:
• Computers were limited to solving one problem at a
time.
• The two notable machines of this era were the
UNIVAC and ENIAC
• UNIVAC is the first every commercial computer
which was purchased in 1951 by a business – the
US Census Bureau.
FIRST GENERATION:
UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer
ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer
ENIAC
UNIVAC
SECOND
GENERATION:
TRANSISTORS
(1956 – 1963)
SECOND GENERATION:
TRANSISTORS (1956 – 1963)
•They were a big improvement over the
vacuum tube, despite still subjecting
computers to damaging levels of heat.
•Invented in 1947 but weren’t used
significantly until 1950s.
SECOND GENERATION:
•They were hugely superior to the vacuum
tubes, making computers smaller, faster,
cheaper and less heavy on electricity use.
•They still relied on punched card for
input/printouts.
SECOND GENERATION:
•The language evolved from cryptic binary
language to symbolic (‘assembly’)
languages.
SECOND GENERATION:
•Transistor-driven machines were the first
computers to store instructions into their
memories – moving from magnetic drum to
magnetic core ‘technology’.
SECOND GENERATION:
•The early versions of these machines were
developed for the atomic energy industry.
THIRD
GENERATION:
INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS
(1964 – 1971)
THIRD GENERATION:
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (1964 – 1971)
•Transistors were now being miniaturized
and put on silicon chips (called
semiconductors).
THIRD GENERATION:
•This led to a massive increase in speed
and efficiency of these machines.
THIRD GENERATION:
•These were the first computers where users
interacted using keyboards and monitors
which interfaced with an operating system,
a significant leap up from the punch cards
and printouts.
THIRD GENERATION:
•Made machines cheaper and smaller, a
new mass market of users emerged during
the ‘60s.
FOURTH
GENERATION:
MICROPROCESSOR
(1972 – 2010)
FOURTH GENERATION:
MICROPROCESSOR (1972 – 2010)
This revolution can be summed in one word:
Intel.
The chip-maker developed the Intel 4004 chip
in 1971, which positioned all computer
components (CPU, memory, input/output
controls) onto a single chip.
FOURTH GENERATION:
What filled a room in the 1940s now fit in
the palm of the hand.
FOURTH GENERATION:
•The year 1981 saw the first ever
computer (IBM) specifically designed for
home use
FOURTH GENERATION:
•1984 saw the MacIntosh introduced by
Apple.
FOURTH GENERATION:
•Led to the development, birth and rapid
evolution of the Internet.
FOURTH GENERATION:
•Development of Graphical User Interface
(GUI)
FIFTH
GENERATION:
ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
(2010 –
PRESENT)
FIFTH GENERATION:
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
(2010 – PRESENT)
•Computer devices with artificial intelligence
are still in development, but some of these
technologies are beginning to emerge and
be used such as voice recognition.
FIFTH GENERATION:
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
(2010 – PRESENT)
•AI is a reality made possible by using
parallel processing and superconductors.
•Leaning to the future, computers will be
radically transformed again by quantum
computation, molecular and nano technology.
LESSON 11:
TYPES OF COMPUTER
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
1. Recognize the different types of computer
2. Identify the size, performance and purpose
of different types of computers
TYPES OF COMPUTER
•Computers vary in size, shape and
purpose that is why a computer used in
hospital is different from that used in
home.
TYPES OF COMPUTER
1. Supercomputer
- weather forecasting
- animated graphics
- fluid dynamic
calculations
- nuclear energy research
- petroleum exploration
TYPES OF COMPUTER
1. Supercomputer
Size:
A floor of a building
Performance :
Teraflops (trillion of
flops)
TYPES OF COMPUTER
2. Microcomputer
- word processing
- accounting
- desktop publishing
- surfing the web
- database management
- editing photographs
- creating graphics
- playing music or games
TYPES OF COMPUTER
2. Microcomputer
Size:
A typewriter machine or
wallet
Performance:
• Megaflops to gigaflops
(million to billion of flops)
TYPES OF COMPUTER
3. Minicomputer
- used in industrial control
- interactions with one or
more computers
TYPES OF COMPUTER
3. Minicomputer
Size:
A closet
Performance:
Megaflops (million of
flops)
TYPES OF COMPUTER
4. Mainframe
- banking transaction
processing
- ATM processing
- for very large
programs which run for
months
TYPES OF COMPUTER
4. Mainframe
Size:
Room-sized of a building
Performance:
Gigaflops
(billion of flops)
TYPES OF COMPUTER
4. Embedded
Computer
These electronic devices
contain microprocessor
chips that made them as
special-purpose computers
called embedded
computers.
TYPES OF COMPUTER
4. Embedded
Computer
Embedded computers are
computers integrated into
the design of the device
and run programs to
control the equipment and
optimize their performance.
LESSON 12:
OPERATING SYSTEM
LESSON OBJECTIVES
•Define Operating System;
•Recognize the different functions of operating
system;
•Differentiate the two types of interface.
OPERATING SYSTEM
• An operating system, or "OS," is software that
communicates with the hardware and allows other
programs to run. It is comprised of system software, or the
fundamental files your computer needs to boot up and
function. Every desktop computer, tablet, and smartphone
includes an operating system that provides basic
functionality for the device.
DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM:
1. Booting
• It is a process of starting the computer operating
system starts the computer to work. It checks the
computer and makes it ready to work.
2. Memory Management
It is also an important function of operating system. The
memory cannot be managed without operating system.
Different programs and data execute in memory at one
time. if there is no operating system, the programs may mix
with each other. The system will not work properly.
3. Loading and Execution

A program is loaded in the memory before it
can be executed. Operating system provides
the facility to load programs in memory easily
and then execute it.
4. Data security
Data is an important part of computer system.
The operating system protects the data stored
on the computer from illegal use, modification or
deletion.
5. Disk Management
Operating system manages the disk
space. It manages the stored files and
folders in a proper way.
6. Process Management
CPU can perform one task at one time. if
there are many tasks, operating system
decides which task should get the CPU.
7. Device Controlling
•Operating system also controls all devices
attached to computer. The hardware
devices are controlled with the help of
small software called device drivers.
8. Printing controlling
Operating system also controls printing function.
It is a user issues two print commands at a time,
it does not mix data of these files and prints
them separately.
9. Providing interface
It is used in order that user interface acts with a
computer mutually. User interface controls how
you input data and instruction and how
information is displayed on screen.

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LESSON 1:

DATA is a raw material INFORMATION is the

1. SPEED – no human being can compete to solving

2. ACCURACY – Whatever input we give, it

3. STORAGE – Computer can store mass storage

4. DILIGENCE – Computer can work for hours

5. VERSATILITY - We can use computer to perform

7. NO I.Q. – Computer does not work without

• Enumerate and explain the Limitations of Computer.

1.The computer can only do what you tell it to do.

• Define central processing unit;

-is the main processing component of a computer system that

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

1. POWER SUPPLY – provides

2. FAN – keeps the

5. HARD DISK DRIVE –

6. FLOPPY DISK DRIVE –

7. COMPACT DISK (CD)

10. CENTRAL PROCESSING

1. Central Processing Unit

•Modem connects you to the Internet

•Treating all storage media (hard disk, optical

3. Loading and Execution

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