Data must be presented in an organized

and systematic way so that significant

characteristics can be easily seen.

This refers to the organization of data into

tables, graphs or charts, so that logical and
statistical conclusions can be derived from
the collected measurements.

Data collection can be presented in

three forms: textual, tabular, and graphical.
Before we go further, let us consider ways of
classifying data. Data can be classified as
grouped and ungrouped data.

 Ungrouped data are data that are no

organized, or if arranged, could only be from
highest to lowest or lowest to highest.

 Grouped data are data that are organized

and arrange into different classes or
categories.
PRESENTATION OF DATA

Data may be presented in(3 Methods):

- Textual
- Tabular or
- Graphical.
TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
 Ungrouped data can be presented in textual form,
as in paragraph form. This involves enumerating
the important characteristics, giving emphasis on
significant figures and identifying important
features of the data.
 The data gathered are presented in paragraph
form.
 Data are written and read.
 It is a combination of texts and figures.
Example: Scores of 50 students in statistics

25 30 18 17 50 12 43 35 40 9
33 37 41 21 20 31 35 46 10 36
28 19 18 13 28 16 42 27 28 31
40 48 40 39 32 32 26 13 3 50
26 15 14 10 38 35 34 29 30 20
 Arranging the scores from lowest to highest
will facilitate the enumeration of important
characteristics of the data. The test scores of
the 50 students in Statistics arranged from
the lowest to highest are shown below:
3 13 17 20 27 30 32 35 40 43
9 13 18 21 28 30 33 36 40 46
10 14 18 25 28 31 34 37 40 48
10 15 19 26 28 31 35 38 41 50
12 16 20 26 29 32 35 39 42 50
With the data now arrange according to
magnitude, we can easily see the important
features worth mentioning in the text. One
way of describing the data using the textual
form is as follows:

The highest score obtained is 50 and the

lowest is 3. Ten students got a score of 40 and
above, while only 4 got ten and below.
Generally, the students performed well in the
test with 33 students or 66% getting a score of
25 and above.
Arranging a mass of data manually is quite
tedious, but using computers for this purpose
is so easy. In the absence of computer, the
process is made easy by putting the data in a
stem-and-leaf plot.

Stem-and-leaf plot is a table, which

sorts data according to a certain pattern. It
involves separating a number into two parts.
In a two-digit number, the stem consists of
the first digit and the leaf consists of the
second digit.
 Using the unarranged test scores in
Statistics of 50 students as a data, stem-and-
leaf plot can be used to arrange them from
highest to lowest. The stems are as follows:
0,1,2,3,4, and 5, three being the lowest and 50
the highest.

By looking at the stem-and-leaf plot, we

can easily rank the data or put them in order.
Stem Leaves
0 3,9
1 0,0,2,3,3,4,5,6,7,8,8,9
2 0,0,1,5,6,6,7,8,8,8,9
3 0,0,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5,6,7,8,9
4 0,0,0,1,2,3,6,8
5 0,0
The ages of 40 patients confined in a
government hospital

24 36 28 34 23 37 28 31
27 28 45 23 21 55 48 48
33 29 31 25 26 37 49 25
28 40 34 27 28 37 51 16
22 43 42 38 39 27 42 32
TABULAR PRESENTATION
 Sometimes we could hardly grasp information
from textual presentation of data. Thus, we may
present data using tables.
 By organizing the data in tables, important
features about the data can be readily understood
and comparison can be easily made. Thus, a table
shows complete information regarding the data. A
table has the following parts:
 Method of presenting data using the statistical
table.
 A systematic organization of data in columns and
rows.
Parts of a statistical table
 Table number: this is for easy reference to the
table.
 Table title: It briefly explains the content of the
table.
 Column header: It describes the data in each
column.
 Row classifier: It shows the classes or categories.
 Body: This is the main part of the table.
 Source note: This placed below the table when the
data written are not original.
 Definition of terms
 raw data – collected data which have not been
organized numerically or analyzed by statistical
methods

 array – arrangement of row numerical data in

ascending or descending order of magnitude

 frequency – the number of times a value or a category

or group of values occurs in a population or a sample.

 classes or categories – group of values in a population

or sample
 Definition of terms
 class frequency – number of subjects belonging to
each class
 frequency distribution table – tabular arrangement
of data by classes together with their corresponding
frequencies
 grouped data – data which were organized and
summarized
 class interval – symbol defining a class
 class limits – end numbers in an interval
a. Lower class limit b. upper class limit
 Definition of terms
 class frequency – number of subjects belonging to
each class

 frequency distribution table – tabular arrangement

of data by classes together with their corresponding
frequencies

 grouped data – data which were organized and

summarized

 class interval – symbol defining a class

 Definition of terms
 Open class interval – a class that allow either the
upper or lower end of a quantitative classification
scheme to be limitless

 Class boundaries or true class limits – halfway

between the lower limit of one class and the upper limit
of the preceding class
a. Lower class limit b. upper class limit

 Class size or class width – difference between the

lower and upper class boundaries
 Definition of terms
 Classmark (class midpoint) – midpoint of the class
interval and is obtained by adding the lower and upper
class limits and dividing by 2

 Relative class frequency – frequency of a class

divided by the total frequency of all classes
 Frequency distribution Table
 a table that shows the data arranged into different
classes and the number of cases that fall into each
class.

Steps in constructing a frequency distribution table

1. Decide on the number of classes

2. Avoid using fewer than 6 or more than 15 classes. The

number of classes in a given situation depends on the
nature, magnitude, and range of data.
2. Determine the class interval (i)

 when the data are in whole number, i should also

be a whole number
 when the data are in one-decimal place, i should
also be in one decimal place
3. Unless otherwise specified, always start the lowest
class with the lowest value of the raw data, in order
to minimize the errors.

4. Tally the frequencies for each class, until the

highest value is reached.

5. The last class interval can go beyond the highest

value in the observation as long as the obtained i is
followed.
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
KINDS OF GRAPHS OR DIAGRAMS
1. BAR GRAPH – used to show relationships/
comparison between groups
2. PIE OR CIRCLE GRAPH- shows percentages
effectively
3. LINE GRAPH – most useful in displaying data that
changes continuously over time.
4. PICTOGRAPH – or pictogram. It uses small identical
or figures of objects called isotopes in making
comparisons .Each picture represents a definite
quantity.
FIGURE 1: SELECTED CAUSES OF
DEATH IN THE PHILIPPINES
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000 6417
2000
3263
1000 1594 2170
0
CHRONIC PNEUMONIA CEREBRO DISORDER OF
LOWER RESP. VASCULAR THE HEART
DIS. DISEASES
NUMBER OF DEATHS
FIGURE 2.THREE LEADING CAUSE OF CHILD
MORTALITY AMONG FILIPINOS AGES 5-9(200)
ACCIDENTS PNEUMONIA DENGUE

14%

24%

62%
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
FIGURE 3. DISTRIBUTION OF ENROLLMENT AT A DAY CARE,
PERIOD 1999-2006
 CLUSTER 1

SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

CLUSTER 2

CLUSTER 3

CLUSTER 4

CLUSTER 5

CLUSTER 6

FIGURE 4. NUMBER OF PERSONS WHO = 200

HAVE EXCESSIVE DEPRESSION BY LEGEND:
PEOPLE
CLUSTER
 Election Result for President
(as of 5-18-16)
Binay, Jojo – 5,318,294

Defensor Santiago, Meriam – 1,424,520

Duterte, Rody – 15,970,018

Poe, Grace – 8, 935,733

Roxas, Mar – 9,700,382

Señeres, Roy – 25,161

Present the data in 3 different forms.
For graphical, choose only 1 type of graph.