Group 1

Lesson 8
Social
Processes
By John Samuel Abay
 Levelling Off
TODAY'S D I S C USSION

From what you have learned in

the previous lessons. It is clear
that all members of the society
experience socialization in varying
extent. However, if it is impossible
for socialization to happen
without social processes or the
repetitive patterns of interaction
commonly found in the social life.
Enculturation
WH AT IS IT ?
One of the basic social processes that
happen within a family is
enculturation.
When parents teach their children
about values, norms, traditions, and
other aspects of their culture,
enculturation happens. This social
process is defined as the manner by
which a person learns or adopts the
culture followed by his/her co-
members in a society.
Acculturation
and
Assimilation
LET’S DISCUSS
 A c c u l turati on

The process in which a person adapts to the influence of another

culture by borrowing many of its aspects is known as acculturation.
For American soldier and geologist, John Wesley Powell (who first
coined the term in 1883), it refers to the psychological changes
stimulated by cross-cultural imitation.
Acculturation occurs most vividly when two societies/groups
individuals are interacting directly. For instance, many Filipinos
believe in the philosophy of Feng Shui. Even non-Chinese
natives follow certain Feng Shui values, making the
philosophy part if their homes, clothing, or way of the life
However, in many occasions, the Feng Shui philosophy
stops in just one aspect. A person may wear a charm
bracelet to “improve” his/her mother culture. Another
example is an overseas Filipino worker (OFW) in a foreign
country. To survive working in a foreign environment, the
OFW must learn how to adapt to the new culture, through keeping the Filipino culture in
his/her way of living, such as eating Filipino food, bonding with other Filipino OFWs, and
the like.
The manifestation of acculturation is more noticeable on social media. Maine
Mendoza, better known as Yaya Dub, was popularized because of her “dubs” or
dubbed videos n the app Dubsmash. The app was original rampant in the
United States but soon proliferated in the Philippines through social media.
Similar to acculturation is assimilation. However, these two social processes
differ in terms of the person’s adaptation level.
If acculturation implies immersion in another culture while
maintaining one’s mother culture, assimilation denotes
complete or almost total adaptation of the minor culture
to the major one, in assimilation , an individual learns a
new culture, tending to lose entirely his/her previously
held culture identity.
This situation is usually true to people who migrate from
one place to another for good. When a Filipino migrates
to Canada, he/she may entirely forget his/her Filipino
identity to become a full-fledged Canadian. He/She may
still have specks of Filipino culture in him/her, but what
emanates more from him/her after migration is Canadian culture.
 F.E. Merrill and H.W. Eldredge (1965) defined

Cooperation cooperation as a form of social interaction wherein

two or more persons work together for a common

Sociologists
end or purpose. As Panapio and Raymondo (1992)
stated, it is a central feature of social life.
Cooperation ranges from small to wide degrees –
from the teamwork in a class bonding among peers,
helping family members or relatives, and sharing
expertise with fellow workers to maintaining peace
between nations through diplomatic negotiations.
In local context, cooperation is manifested through
bayanihan. It is a distinct Filipino value which shows
the said social process in the clearest manner. Hunt
and Horton (1990) mentioned that cooperation was
the basic method of accomplishing difficult tasks in
the rural providence, such as house building,
planting, preparation for occasions, and cheating
during quizzes and exams.
Interestingly, most if not all instance of
cooperation is actualized with a
minimum or even complete absence of
formal arrangement (murag pang
pangupya). An example of the instance
is the suki relationship between a
consumer and a seller. As described by
Hunt, the antagonistic motives (the
costumer wants a cheaper price while
the seller wants the price to be as high
as possible) of the two persons are
minimized. To maintain a steady
market, the seller gives the costumer
some credits and discounts. Both the
seller and the consumer benefit from
the relationship.
 The growing intensity of specializations
in academes, industries, and even in
governance is an evidence of
differentiation. Israeli sociologist
Shmuel Eisenstadt (1971) defined
differentiation as the ways through
which major social spheres become
disconnected in order to focus on

Differentiation specialized roles and create a stronger

organizational framework.
Simply stated, differentiation is the
WH AT I S T H IS ? process of designating each member of
a society with particular functions and
roles intended for the society to achieve
stability and order, thus, the increased
number of social units. The current
economic arrangements in most part of
the world encourage this social process
since it brings optimum, effective, and
efficient growth.
Amalgamation
WH AT I S T H E D E FINITION

Amalgamation happens when two families or

groups become one through a formal union such
as marriage. It promotes acculturation and
assimilation, and is opposite of differentiation
since it reduces the number of social units.
Technological advancement in transportation and
communication leads to wholesome
amalgamation, where cultures and society go
beyond geographical borders.
 Stratification

The hierarchical arrangement and

establishment of social categories
that may evolve into social groups
is called social stratification.
Stratification involves dividing the
members of a society into different
strata.

What is strata?
- a level or class to which people
are assigned according to their
social status, education, or income.
Number 5 | 2020
Conflict and
Competition
Conflict and competition are
two social processes that
a re i n t e rc h a n g e a b l y used,
since both suggests vying
for a particular resource.

Number 5 | 2020
What is the
difference?
B RE A KI NG I T D OWN

Sociologists Lewis Coser (1965) defined conflict as “a

struggle over values and claims to scarce status, power,
and resource.” It manifests in different forms and
levels. There are intrapersonal, interpersonal,
intragroup, and intergroup conflicts.
It also involves individuals, groups or a combination of
both. In most cases conflict happens when a party fails
to communicate effectively.
What is the
difference?
BRE AKING IT D OWN

Competition, on the other hand, suggests the struggle

between two or more persons or groups that can be
translated to innovation in the long run.
For example, if there is a tough competition in a
classroom, the batch would be hailed as a great section
because of a large number of students who are
outstanding and creative vying for the top spot.
Meaning, competition breeds innovation.
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Society is like air,
necessary to breathe
but insufficient to
live on.
George Santayana