Study of Prokaryotic and

Eukaryotic cell's structure

and Function
Evolution
Classification
&
Taxonomy
Diversity
 Introduction....,
• What are Prokaryotes?
• What are Eukaryotes?
• What is the origin and Evolution of Prokaryotes
and Eukaryotes?
• What is diversity of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
• What is classification and taxonomy of
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
• What are major differences b/w Prokaryotic cell
and Eukaryotic cell?
 Prokaryotes
No nuclius
Single-celled.
Reproduce by binary fission (another copy by
dividing).
No cell nucleus or any other membrane-
bound organelles. DNA travels openly around
tinction between these cell types.
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Most organisms that we can see, such as
trees, grass, worms, flies, mice, humans,
mushrooms and yeast are eukaryotes.
Can either be single-celled or multi-celled.
Can reproduce in one of several ways (Ex.
meiosis, mitosis).
Have cell nucleus within containing its DNA.
Nucleus most evident distinction between
these cell types.
Origin and Evolution of
cells
 Origin of Prokaryotes
In 1862, Pasteur disproved the spontaneous-
generation theory but left open a question: How
did life begin? Miller's synthesis is a possible
answer, or it may be the seeding of organic
molecules by meteorites from outer space, or a
God event that started life.
Origin of Prokaryotes
. It is generally held that the first organisms were
formed around four billion years ago, with the
earliest forms being simple molecular groupings that
somehow gained the ability to metabolize and
reproduce.
• It is also held that these simple molecular
arrangements formed from existing inorganic
substances—life from nonlife!
Evolution of Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are mostly bacteria, and their
advancements led to more complex living organisms.
It has been suggested that the diverse nature of
bacteria and archaebacteria resulted from this
evolution.
As bacteria modified structures to expand their
territory and tolerance, they changed into newer
species of bacteria with diverse structures and
functions. Due to their uniqueness, bacteria are
classified in their own kingdom!
Evolution of Prokaryotes

Advancements in the structure and function of

prokaryotes continued to the juncture where two
separate types are now identifiable: bacteria and
archaea.
Origin of Eukaryotes
• The origin of the eukaryotic cell is a milestone in
the evolution of life, since eukaryotes include all
complex cells and almost all multicellular
organisms.
• The timing of this series of events is hard to
determine; Knoll (2006) suggests they developed
approximately 1.6–2.1 billion years ago.
 Evolution of Eukaryotes

• Fossil records indicate that eukaryotes evolved

from prokaryotes somewhere between 1.5 to 2
billion years ago. Two proposed pathways describe
the invasion of prokaryote cells by two smaller
prokaryote cells. They subsequently became
successfully included as part of a now much larger
cell with additional structures and capable of
additional functions.
Diversity of Prokaryotes
and Eukaryotes
Diversity of Prokaryotes
• Prokaryotes, which include both bacteria and
archaea, are found almost everywhere – in every
ecosystem, on every surface of our homes, and
inside of our bodies! Some live in environments too
extreme for other organisms, such as hot vents on
the ocean floor.
Eukaryotic diversity
• The bulk of the diversity of eukaryotic life is microbial.
Although the larger eukaryotes—namely plants,
animals, and fungi—dominate our visual land- scapes,
microbial lineages compose the greater part of both
genetic diversity and biomass, and contain many
evolutionary innovations
• . Our understanding of the origin and diversification of
eukaryotes has improved substan-tially with analyses of
molecular data from diverse lineages. These data have
provided insight into the nature of the genome of the
last eukaryotic com- mon ancestor
Classification and
taxonomy
Eukaryotic cell and Prokaryotic cell
Classification and Taxonomy
• For a long time, all prokaryotes were classified into
a single domain (the largest taxonomic grouping).
• However, work by microbiologist Carl Woese in the
1970s showed that prokaryotes are divided into
two distinct lineages, or lines of descent: Archaea
and Bacteria. Today, these groups are considered to
form two out of three domains of life. The third
domain (Eukarya) includes all eukaryotes, such as
plants, animals, and fungi.
Bacteria
• Domain Bacteria contains 555 major groups:
proteobacteria, chlamydias, spirochetes,
cyanobacteria, and gram-positive bacteria.
Bacterial Domain
• The proteobacteria are subdivided into five groups,
alpha through epsilon. Species in these groups have
a wide range of lifestyles. Some are symbiotic with
plants, others live in hot vents deep under the sea,
and others yet cause human diseases, such as
stomach ulcers (Helicobacter pylori) and food
poisoning (Salmonella).
 Archea
Archaea constitute a domain of single-celled
organisms. These microorganisms lack cell nuclei
and are therefore prokaryotes. Archaea were initially
classified as bacteria, receiving the name
archaebacteria (in the Archaebacteria kingdom), but
this classification is outmoded. They have been
renamed to clarify that archaea are not only not
bacteria, but are more closely related to eukaryotes
 Classification of Eukaryotes
• General Scientific classification
• Domain:
• Eukaryota

• Supergroups and kingdoms

• Archaeplastida
• Kingdom Plantae – Plants
• Hacrobia
• SAR (Stramenopiles + Alveolata + Rhizaria)
• Discoba
• Loukozoa
• Amoebozoa
• Opisthokonta
• Kingdom Animalia – Animals
• Kingdom Fungi
• Hemimastigophora
CELL
A basic structural and Functional
unit of an Organism.
The nature of cell
• Each cell has four common components:
• 1-Plasma membrane
• 2-Region containing DNA
• 3-Cytoplasm
• 4-Biochemical molecules & biochemical pathways
 Two basic types
of cell
Two fundamental types:
Prokaryotic
No nucliud
No organelles
Small 100nm-5um
Eukaryotic
True Nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
10-100 Some are larger
Difference between
Prokaryotic cell and
Eukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
Thanks
Hope survives....