SURFACE ACTIVE SYSTEMS

 Folded Plate Structure

 Shell Structure
 Barrel Vault
 Dome
 HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID
 FOLDED PLATES STRUCTURES

 They are assemblies of flat plates, or slabs,

inclined in different directions and joined along
their longitudinal edges.
 It is capable of carrying loads without the need
for additional supporting beams along mutual
edges.
 Uses:
 toconstruct roofs for industrial Fig.1
warehouses and public buildings.
 Material used:
 cast in situ or precast reinforced concrete,
or steel plate.
 Simple formwork required, and usually use less
material.
 They have an intrinsic rigidity and high load-
carrying capacity which makes them
economical over long spans. Fig.2
inciple of Folding

The structural characteristics of folding structures depend on-

 The pattern of the folding.
 Their geometrical basic shape.
 Its material.
 The connection of the different folding plates.
 The design of the bearings.

The Basic concept of Folding

Fig.3 Fig.4
 Structural Behavior of Folding

Load Distribution process :

 At first, the external

forces are transferred to
the shorter edge of one
folding element.

 There, the reaction as an

axial force is divided
between the adjacent
elements.

 Then the forces

transferred to the
bearings.
Structural Condition Of Folding Structures.
Types of Folded Structure

Based on geometric shape folded structures

can be divided into:

 Folded plate frames structures

 Folded plate surfaces structures

 folded plate structures

Fig.5

Fig.6 Fig.7
 Types of Folded Structure

Classification of folded structures based on

the material they are made of:

 Folded structures made of reinforced

concrete

 Metal folded structures

 Folded structures of wood Fig.8

 Folded structures of glass

 Folded constructions made in
combination

of different materials

Fig.9
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FOLDED-PLATE
STRUCTURE

Advantages:

 Very light form of construction. To span 30 m shell thickness

required is 60 mm only.
 The use of concrete as a building material reduces both
materials cost and a construction cost.
 Longer span can be provided.
 Flat shapes by choosing certain arched shapes.
 Esthetically it looks good over other forms of construction.

Disadvantages:

 Shuttering is difficult.
 Greater accuracy in formwork is required.
 Good labor and supervision necessary.
 Rise of roof may be a disadvantage.
 CASE STUDY
Name of structure-Airship Hangars,Orly
(1916-1924)
Engineer-Eugene Freyssinet

 He designed two large hangars at orly,each

300 meters long,span-86 meters and over 5
metres high.

 It consisted of trough-shaped arches forming

continous barrel vaults in form of a parabola
with arch profile.

 The slab forming the troughs was from 80-200

mm thick,increasing towards base.

 The stresses were taken by foundations. Fig. Airship Hangars,orly

 The strength created by folded plate profile
reduced reinforcement.
 Mezzanine ceiling called Miami Marine Stadium,
"Kielsteg" Florida

 As Roof Structure

 As Floor Structure
Securing The Church of Notre Dame
Foundation Pit With de Royan, France
Larsen Planks

As Wall Structure

 As Steel Sheet Piles

THE APPLICATION OF FOLDED STRUCTURES
 SHELL STRUCTURE

 The term “shell” is used to describe the structures which possess strength
and rigidity due to its thin, natural and curved form such as shell of egg, a
nut, human skull, and shell of turtle.

 Shell roof shapes divided into 3 parts –

Dome
Vaults
Saddle shapes and conoids

 The strength and rigidity of thin,natural,curved shell structures makes its

possible to construct single curved barrel vault 60 thick with
 span of 30 m

 Material- Reinforced concrete as highly plastic material can take any shape
when mixed with water

 Shell structure are sometime described as single or double curvature shells

 Single curvature shells- curved on one linear axis
 Double curvature shells- either part of sphere as dome or hyperboloid
 TYPES OF SHELL ROOFFORMS
Conoid shell Square dome

Hyperboloid of revolution Barrel vault shell roof

ADVANTAGES AND DIS-ADVANTAGES OF SHELLS
ADVANTAGES-

 Very light form of construction. To span 30.0 m shell thickness required is

60mm
 Dead load can be reduced economizing foundation and supporting system
 They further take advantage of the fact that arch shapes can span longer
 Flat shapes by choosing certain arched shapes
 Esthetically it looks good over other forms of construction

DISADVANTAGES -
 Shuttering problem
 Greater accuracy in formwork is required
 Good labor and supervision necessary
 Rise of roof may be a disadvantage
 CASE STUDY – OPERA HOUSE
 Location – Australia.1959-1973
 Architect- Jon unzone
 Span –49.987 m
 Height -65m
 Materials-
Actual clay, brick, and stone veneer
Granite or marble cladding
Exposed aggregate finish
Sand blasted finish
Form liner patterns
White glazed granite tiles.
1,056,000 tiles were used to cover the mas sive structure.

Fig :Framing Fig :Plan

 Fig :Sydney opera house steel reinforcing
fig :Use of tiles

Fig :Sydney opera house shell ribs

 BARREL VAULT SHELL ROOFS
 Construction –
Thin membrane of reinforced
concrete positively curved in
one direction so that the vault
acts as structure and roof
surface.
Thickness- 57-75
Span – 12-30 m
Wall-
Nonloadbearing panel walls of
brick, block or timber built
between or across columns .

Types –

 Short span barrel vault

 Long span barrel vault
Stiffening of beams and arches –
To avoid distortion of barrel vault
stiffening beam and arches are cast
integrally with the shell.

 Down stand beam –

150-225 mm thick more efficient
because of its depth.

 Up stand beam – To avoid

interruption of soffit line of vaults.

 Arch ribs – less efficient , provided

for appearance
 Thermal insulation –
Thin concrete- poor resistance to
transfer heat
Use of insulating soffit lining or light
weight aggregate screed
Edge and valley beams – Due to self weight and imposed loads thin shell will tend to
spread and its curvature flatten out . To resist this reinforced beam are cast between
columns as integral part of shell
 Expansion
joint –
To limit expansion
and contraction
continuous
expansion joint is
used at the interval
of 30.
Concrete shells
are covered with
non ferrous shee
metal, asphalt,
bitumen felt, a
plastic
membrane
STIFFENING BEAMS AND ARCHES FOR BARREL VAULT
 CASE STUDY – EARTH INSTITUTE

 Location - Auroville
 Founded by HUDCO,Government of India in 1989

Semi- circular vault –

Span- 6m
Length-11m
Thickness- 36.5-7cm

 Material- Arches, vaults,domes build with

compressed stabilased earth blocks without using formwork

 Construction Technology-
Projection of section of arch in plan. Fig: semicircular arch
Vaulted structures are characterized by acoustic phenomena .
Build with free spanning with combination of horizontal and vertical courses.
Vault stability calculated without the weight of waterproofing and applied after
completion of vault which changes the line of thrust in structure.
 Pressing the block on site
Starting the horizontal courses Laying 3-
5mm mortar

Filling the joints Horizontal courses Starting arch window

Arch of the window
Laying bottom Completing bottom
being build with the
side blocks of side blocks
help of reverse
the window
centering

Window arch Building vertical

courses Casting waterproof
completed
earth plaster
 WHAT ARE DOMES ?
 DOME, IN ARCHITECTURE, HEMISPHERICAL STRUCTURE EVOLVED
FROM THEARCH, USUALLY FORMING A CEILING OR ROOF.
 A DOME CAN REST UPON A ROTUNDA OR DRUM, AND CAN BE
SUPPORTED BY COLUMNS OR PIERS THAT TRANSITION TO THE DOME
THROUGH SQUINCHES OR PENDENTIVES.
 THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY IS TO DESIGN THE STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS OF A DOME STRUCTURE SUCH AS SHELL STRUCTURE,RING
BEAM, COLUMN AND FOOTING.
 THE SHAPE OF THE DOME ENCLOSES THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF
SPACE WITH THE LEAST SURFA CE A REA.

Edna, texas Internal view

SOME OF THE TERMINOLOGY THAT IS OFTEN
ASSOCIATED WITH DOMES INCLUDE:

 Apex: the uppermost point of a dome (also known as the ‘crown’).

 Cupola: a small dome located on a roof or turret.
 Extrados: the outer curve of a dome.
 Haunch: part of an arch that that lies roughly halfway between the base and the
top.
 Intrados: the inner curve of a dome.
 Springing: the point from which the dome rises.
TYPES OF DOMES
DOME AND HEMISPHERE
HYPERBOLIC DOME PARABOLIC DOME

TRANSLATIONAL DOME
 Location- bhopal 1982-1996
 Architect- charles correa
 Area- 32000m2
 Construction technology-
conventional – in –site- reinforced
concrete
 Material- indian marble,granite.
Red sandstone
ROOF PLAN AND SECTION

Section
Plan
 THE STATEASSEMBLY, IN THE CAPITAL CITY OF BHOPAL HAS BEEN
DESIGNED BY ARCHITECT CHARLES CORREA FOR THE
GOVERNMENT OF MADHYAPRADESH.
 THE VIDHAN BHAVAN IS A HUGE BUILDING, COVERINGAN AREA OF
MORE THAN 32,000 SQ. METERS OF BUILTSPACE.

SPACES IN VIDHAN SABHA

 THE UPPER HOUSE – VIDHAN PARISHAD (75 MEMBERS)

 THE LOWER HOUSE – VIDHAN SABHA (231MEMBERS)
 THE COMBINED HALL
 LIBRARY
 THE SPEAKERS OFFICE
 THE CHIEF MINISTER OFFICE
 THE CHIEF SECRETARY AND SUPPORTINGSTAFF OFFICE.
 THE MINISTERS AND P.A’S OFFICE (70 NOS.)
 SERVICES, UTILITIES, AND PARKINGFACILITIES
VIDHAN SABHA (LOWER HOUSE)

• THE MAJOR ATTRACTION IS THE ASSEMBLYHALL.

• THE CAPACITY OF HALL IS 231.IT IS CIRCULAR IN
PLAN, HAS 15.5 MTS. RADIUS COVERED BY
HEMISPHERICAL DOME OF DIA. 31.00MTS AND
THICKNESS VARIES FROM 150 TO 90MM THE HEIGHT
OF THE CROWN FROM FLOOR IS 25MTS.
• K-13 CELLULOSE FIBER COATING IN 40 MM
THICKNESS IS USED TO CONTROL THE ECHO IN THE
HALL AND ALSO BROKEN TILES ARE USED ON THE
ROOF FOR HEAT INSULATION
• ACCESS TO THE HALL IS PROVIDED THROUGH THE
GRAND ENTRANCE RESEMBLING TO SANCHI GATE.
• IT IS PAINTED VERY COLORFULLY REPRESENTING
THE PRESENCE OF LORD GANPATI AT ENTRANCE.
 CONCRETE HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID SHELL ROOFS

 These can be constructed in reinforced concrete with:-

• minimum shell thickness of 50mm
• Diagonal spans up to 35m
 These are cast over a timber form in the shape of required hyperbolic paraboloid
format.
TIMBER HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID SHELL ROOFS
 These are usually constructed using laminated edge beams and layers of t and g bording
to form the shell membrane.
 Roofs with plan size
• 6m x 6m - Two layers of boards required
• Above 6m x 6m - Three layers of boards required
 CASE STUDY- THE CHURCH OF ST.ALOYSIUS,UNITED STATES

 Architect-Erdy McHenry
Architecture

 The hyperbolic paraboloid roof is

used most often as an inexpensive
solution to long-span roof
requirements.
Fig.4.1
 It is used for utilitarian purposes
like sports arenas and athletic
facilities.

 The tent of St. Aloysius church is

fabricated from standing seam
metal panels.

Fig 4.2
Section throughAltar Construction of roof

Axonometric
Interior of church
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
To create the overall curve of the building form,a series of
fabricated channels were welded to the 273mm diameter chs top
boom of each truss.

The channels were rotated to varying degrees to suit the orientation

of the planar deck.

A 3mm thick galvanized steel tray was bolted to the top of each
channel and secured with self tapping screws.

Roofing products used

A structural planar deck system

A vapor control layer

160mm glass fiber quilt insulation

Aluminum standing-seam roof covering

REFRENCES

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Folded_plate_
construction

www.novotheatre.gov.bd
www.osanbashi.com/en/outline/features.html
THANK
YOU !