During its journey from a source to a destination, a packet may be lost or may

suffer from several delay types. How much time does it take to transmit a 10
Kbytes-packet from source to destination, with a physical distance between
them of 10^6 m. The transmission rate is 10 Mbits/s. Assume the propagation
speed of the signal in the transmission medium to be 2*10^8 m/s.
(ignore processing and queuing delay).
We transmit data directly between two servers 6,000 km apart through a
geostationary satellite situated 10,000 km from Earth exactly between the two
servers. The data enters this network at 100Mb/s.

• Find the propagation delay if data travels at the speed of light (2.3 × 10^8 m/s).
• Find the number of bits in transit during the propagation delay.
• Determine how long it takes to send 10 bytes of data and to receive
2.5 bytes of acknowledgment back.
A 5000-byte file is to be transmitted along a path composed of the source,
destination, 6 point-to-point links, and 5 switches. Suppose each link has a
propagation delay of 2ms, bit rate of 4 Mbps, and the switching. Thus you can
either break the file up to into 1KB packets, or set up a circuit through the
switches and send the file as one contiguous bit stream.
Suppose that packets have 24 bytes of packet header information and 1000
bytes of payload, that store and forward packet processing at each switch
incurs a 1ms delay after the packet has been completely received. What is the
time needed to transfer the whole file if:

a) Circiut switching is used, Circuit setup requires a 1 KB message to make

one round trip incurring 1 ms delay at the switches after the message has
been completely received.
b) Packet switching is used. What is the link utilization?
There are five switches placed between the source and destination. From
the source five equal-size datagrams belonging to the same message
leave for the destination one after another. But the datagrams travel
through different paths as shown in the following table,
Assume that the delay for each switch (including waiting and processing
time) is 5, 25, 20, 17, and 10 ms respectively. Assuming that the
propagation speed is 2.5 x 108 m/s, Find the order the datagrams arrive
at the destination and the delay for each. Ignore if any other delays in
transmission. Datagram Path Length in KM Visited switches

1 1800 1,3,5
2 3500 1,2,5
3 8500 1,2,3,5
4 10100 1,4,5
5 9500 1,3,4,5
How long does it take a packet of length 1,000 bytes to propagate over a link of
distance 2,500 km, propagation speed 2.5 · 10^8 m/s, and transmission rate 2
Mbps?
• More generally, how long does it take a packet of length L to propagate over a
link of distance d, propagation speed s, and transmission rate R bps?
• Does this delay depend on packet length?
• Does this delay depend on transmission rate?
Suppose Host A wants to send a large file to Host B. The path from Host A to
Host B has three links, of rates R1 = 500 kbps, R2 = 2 Mbps, and R3 = 1 Mbps.
a) Assuming no other traffic in the network, what is the throughput for the file
transfer?
b) Suppose the file is 4 million bytes. Dividing the file size by the throughput,
roughly how long will it take to transfer the file to Host B?
c) Repeat (a) and (b), but now with R2 reduced to 100 kbps.
Suppose that the two hosts are separated by m meters, and suppose the
propagation speed along the link is s meters/sec. Host A is to send a packet of size
L bits to Host B.
• Express the propagation delay, dprop, in terms of m and s.
• Determine the transmission time of the packet, dtrans, in terms of L and R.
• Ignoring processing and queuing delays, obtain an expression for the end-to-end
delay.
• Suppose Host A begins to transmit the packet at time t = 0. At time t = dtrans,
where is the last bit of the packet?
• Suppose dprop is greater than dtrans. At time t = dtrans, where is the first bit of
the packet?
• Suppose dprop is less than dtrans. At time t = dtrans, where is the first bit of the
packet?
• Suppose s = 2.5×108, L = 120 bits, and R = 56 kbps. Find the distance m so that
dprop equals dtrans.