Outcome - 10

Comprehend Internal Combustion

Engines
Four stroke and Two Stroke engines
 Internal Combustion Engines
Types of heat engines

steam engines
External combustion turbines
Stirling engine

Otto engine
Internal combustion Diesel engine
Vankel engine
 Internal Combustion Engines

The combustion of the fuel with

oxygen of the air occurs within the
cylinder of the engine.

The heat engine

Which converts
The chemical energy
of the fuel into thermal
Energy is called an IC
engine
TERMS CONNECTED WITH I.C. ENGINES
1. Bore. The inside diameter of the cylinder is called bore.
2. Stroke. The linear distance along the cylinder axis between two
limiting positions, is called stroke.
3.Top Dead Centre (T.D.C.). The top most position of the piston
towards cover end side of the cylinder is called “top dead center”. In
case of horizontal engines, this is known as inner dead center.
4.Bottom Dead Centre (B.D.C.). The lowest position of the piston
towards the crank end side of the cylinder is called “bottom dead
centre”. In case of horizontal engines it is called outer dead centre.
5.Clearance volume. The volume contained in the cylinder above the
top of the piston, when the piston is at top dead centre, is called the
clearance volume.
6.Swept volume. The volume swept through by the piston in
moving between top dead center and bottom dead centre, is
called swept volume or piston displacement.
7. Compression ratio. It is ratio of total cylinder volume to
clearance volume.
8. The compression ratio varies from 5 : 1 to 11 : 1 (average
value 7 : 1 to 9 : 1) in S.I. engines and from 12 : 1 to 24 : 1
(average value 15 : 1 to 18 : 1) in C.I. engines.

Refer page : 567 – 568 - masader

Compression ratio (r)
Volume above piston at BDC
r
Volume above piston at TDC
VC  VS
r
VC
VS
r 1
VC
• VC = Clearance volume
• VS = Swept volume = /4 D2 L
where: L (stroke) = 2 ρ, ρ is the crankshaft radius
- Increasing the compression ratio increases the thermal
efficiency, compression is limited by the knock limit.
8
 Internal Combustion Engines
Four stroke Petrol / Spark ignition Engine

starting position 1. intake 2. compression

Page : 569 – 573 masader

 Four stroke petrol engine

ignition 3. power 4. exhaust

Suction / Intake/ Induction Stroke
• 1. Suction stroke. During this stroke (also known as
induction stroke) the piston moves from top dead
centre (T.D.C.) to bottom dead centre (B.D.C.) ; the
inlet valve opens and proportionate fuel-air mixture
is sucked in the engine cylinder .The exhaust valve
remains closed through out the stroke.
 Compression Stroke
• In this stroke, the piston moves (1-2) towards
(T.D.C.) and compresses the enclosed fuel-air
mixture drawn in the engine cylinder during
suction. The pressure of the mixture rises in the
cylinder to a value of about 8 bar. Just before the
end of this stroke the operating-plug initiates a
spark which ignites the mixture and combustion
takes place at constant volume (line 2-3) (Fig. 32).
Both the inlet and exhaust valves remain closed
during the stroke.
 Power / Working /Expansion stroke
• When the mixture is ignited by the spark plug the hot
gases are produced which drive or throw the piston
from T.D.C. to B.D.C. and thus the work is obtained
in this stroke. The flywheel mounted on the engine
shaft stores energy during this stroke and supplies it
during the idle strokes. The expansion of the gases is
shown by 3-4. Both the valves remain closed during
the start of this stroke but when the piston just
reaches the B.D.C. the exhaust valve opens.
 Exhaust Stroke
• This is the last stroke of the cycle. Here the gases
from which the work has been collected become
useless after the completion of the expansion stroke
and are made to escape through exhaust valve to the
atmosphere. This removal of gas is accomplished
during this stroke. The piston moves from B.D.C. to
T.D.C. and the exhaust gases are driven out of the
engine cylinder ; this is also called scavenging.
Four stroke SI Engines Advantages and Drawbacks
 Internal Combustion Engines
Four Stroke Diesel / Compression Ignition

air intake
exhaust
/intake

compression

fuel injection

exhaust
combustion
 Suction Stroke
• With the movement of the piston from T.D.C. to
B.D.C. during this stroke, the inlet valve opens and
the air at atmospheric pressure is drawn inside the
engine cylinder ; the exhaust valve however remains
closed.
 Compression Stroke
• The air drawn at atmospheric pressure during the suction
stroke is compressed to high pressure and temperature (to
the value of 35 bar and 600°C respectively) as the piston
moves from B.D.C. to T.D.C. Both the inlet and exhaust
valves do not open during any part of this stroke.
 Power / Working /Expansion stroke
• As the piston starts moving from T.D.C. a metered
quantity of fuel is injected into the hot compressed air
in fine sprays by the fuel injector and it (fuel) starts
burning at constant pressure shown by the line 2-3.
At the point 3 fuel supply is cut off. The fuel is
injected at the end of compression stroke but in actual
practice the ignition of the fuel starts before the end
of the compression stroke. The hot gases of the
cylinder expand adiabatically to point 4, thus doing
work on the piston. The expansion is shown by 3-4.
 Exhaust stroke
• The piston moves from the B.D.C. to T.D.C. and the
exhaust gases escape to the atmosphere through the
exhaust valve. When the piston reaches the T.D.C.
the exhaust valve closes and the cycle is completed.
This stroke is represented by the line 1-5
 .

Two –Stroke Engines

Refer page : 575

21
 Intake/Compression
During compression stroke ,the Piston starts moving
from BDC to TDC . The exhaust port and transfer port
is closed . The air/fuel mixture inducted through the
intake port into the crankcase due to the pressure
difference .when the piston begins reaches TDC , the
compression process is completed .

22
 Power/Exhaust
1.At the end of the compression, the sparkplug ignites the charge inside the
cylinder .
2. Rapid rise in pressure and temperature take place at constant volume ,
expanding the piston from TDC to BDC .
3. At the end of expansion , intake port and transfer port is closed but the
exhaust port is opened .
4. Burnt gases are expelled through the exhaust port . And the cycle
completes .

23
Performance of IC engines
Page no : 617-619 Masader
Class work tutorials
 A large four-stroke cycle diesel engine runs at 2000 r.p.m. The engine has a
displacement of 25 litres and a brake mean effective pressure of 0.6 MN/m2. It
consumes 0.018kg/s of fuel (calorific value = 42000 kJ/kg). Determine the brake
power and brake thermal efficiency.

Following observations were recorded during a test on a single-cylinder oilengine

:Bore = 300 mm ; stroke = 450 mm ; speed = 300 r.p.m. ; i.m.e.p. = 6 bar ; net
brake load= 1.5 kN ; brake drum diameter = 1.8 metres ; brake rope diameter = 2
cm.Calculate : (i) Indicater power ; (ii) Brake power ; (iii) Mechanical efficiency
 Home work
• COMPARISON OF FOUR-STROKE AND
TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINES .
• COMPARISON OF SPARK IGNITION (S.I.)
AND COMBUSTION IGNITION (C.I.)
ENGINES .
• COMPARISON BETWEEN A PETROL
ENGINE AND A DIESEL ENGINE.
• ( refer page no : 577 – 579) Masader
 References
1. https://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/ZTAwMHh3d19fMTI1N
Tg0OF9fQU41?sid=e6f885ed-389f-4be0-8bdb-ff6a54a861fb@pdc-v-
sessmgr02&vid=0&format=EB&lpid=lp_540&rid=0