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Bluman Elem Stats 9e ch01 Ppts
Bluman Elem Stats 9e ch01 Ppts
The Nature
of
Probability and Statistics
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The Nature of CHAPTER
Probability of Statistics 1
Outline
1-1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
1-2 Variables and Types of Data
1-3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques
1-4 Experimental Design
1-5 Computers and Calculators
Summary
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Learning Objectives
1 Demonstrate knowledge of statistical terms.
2 Differentiate between the two branches of statistics.
3 Identify types of data.
4 Identify the measurement level for each variable.
5 Identify the four basic sampling techniques.
6 Explain the difference between an observational and
an experimental study.
7 Explain how statistics can be used and misused.
8 Explain the importance of computers and calculators
in statistics.
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Introduction
• Statistics is the science of conducting
studies to
collect,
organize,
summarize,
analyze, and
draw conclusions from data.
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Bluman Chapter 1 4
1-1 Descriptive and Inferential
Statistics
• A variable is a characteristic or attribute
that can assume different values.
• The values that a variable can assume
are called data.
• A population consists of all subjects
(human or otherwise) that are studied.
• A sample is a subset of the population.
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Bluman Chapter 1 5
1-1 Descriptive and Inferential
Statistics
• Descriptive statistics consists of the
collection, organization, summarization,
and presentation of data.
• Inferential statistics consists of
generalizing from samples to populations,
performing estimations and hypothesis
tests, determining relationships among
variables, and making predictions.
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Bluman Chapter 1 6
1-2 Variables and Types of Data
Data
Qualitative Quantitative
Categorical Numerical,
Can be ranked
Discrete Continuous
Countable Can be decimals
5, 29, 8000, etc. 2.59, 312.1, etc.
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Bluman Chapter 1 7
1-2 Recorded Values and
Boundaries
Variable Recorded Value Boundaries
Length 15 centimeters 14.5-15.5 cm
(cm)
Temperature 86 Fahrenheit 85.5-86.5 F
(F)
Time 0.43 second 0.425-0.435
(sec) sec
Mass 1.6 grams (g) 1.55-1.65 g
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Bluman Chapter 1 8
1-2 Variables and Types of Data
Levels of Measurement
• Nominal – categorical (names)
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Bluman Chapter 1 9
1-2 Variables and Types of Data
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Bluman Chapter 1 10
1-3 Data Collection and Sampling
Techniques
Some Sampling Techniques
• Random – random number generator
• Systematic – every kth subject
• Stratified – divide population into “layers”
• Cluster – use intact groups
• Convenient – mall surveys
• Sampling error – Sample vs. population
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Bluman Chapter 1 11
1-4 Experimental Design
• In an observational study, the researcher
merely observes and tries to draw conclusions
based on the observations.
• The researcher manipulates the independent
(explanatory) variable and tries to determine
how the manipulation influences the dependent
(outcome) variable in an experimental study.
• A confounding variable influences the
dependent variable but cannot be separated
from the independent variable.
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Bluman Chapter 1 12
1-4 Experimental Design
• Suspect Samples
o Is the sample large enough?
o How was the sample selected?
o Is the sample representative of the
population?
• Ambiguous Averages
o What particular measure of average was used
and why?
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Bluman Chapter 1 13
1-4 Experimental Design
• Changing the Subject
o Are different values used to represent the
same data?
• Detached Statistics
o One third fewer calories…….than what?
• Implied Connections
o Studies suggest that some people may
understand what this statement means.
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Bluman Chapter 1 14
1-4 Experimental Design
• Misleading Graphs
o Are the scales for the x-axis and y-axis
appropriate for the data?
• Faulty Survey Questions
o Do you feel that statistics teachers should be
paid higher salaries?
o Do you favor increasing tuition so that
colleges can pay statistics teachers higher
salaries?
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Bluman Chapter 1 15
1-5 Computers and Calculators
• TI-83/84 Plus
• Microsoft Excel
• Microsoft Excel with MegaStat
• Minitab
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Bluman Chapter 1 16