WITH FOCUS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS

URBANISATION
 Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural areas to urban areas, the
gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in
which each society adapts to this change.

 It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become
larger as more people begin living and working in central areas. Although the two
concepts are sometimes used interchangeably, urbanization should be
distinguished from urban growth: urbanization is "the proportion of the total
national population living in areas classed as urban", while urban growth refers to
"the absolute number of people living in areas classed as urban".

 It is predicted that by 2050 about 64% of the developing world and 86% of the
developed world will be urbanized. That is equivalent to approximately 3 billion
urbanites by 2050, much of which will occur in Africa and Asia.
• Urbanization is not merely a modern phenomenon, but a
rapid and historic transformation of human social roots on a
global scale, whereby predominantly rural culture is being
rapidly replaced by predominantly urban culture.

• The first major change in settlement patterns was the

accumulation of hunter-gatherers into villages many
thousand years ago. Village culture is characterized by
common bloodlines, intimate relationships, and communal
behavior, whereas urban culture is characterized by distant
bloodlines, unfamiliar relations, and competitive behavior.

• Today, in Asia the urban agglomerations of Osaka, Karachi,

Jakarta, Mumbai, Shanghai, Manila, Seoul and Beijing are
each already home to over 20 million people, while Delhi is
forecast to approach or exceed 40 million people in the year
2035. Cities such as Tehran, Istanbul, Mexico City, São
Paulo, London, New York City, Lagos and Cairo are, or soon
will be, home to over 10 million people each.
CAUSES OF URBANISATION-

• Urbanization occurs either organically or planned as a result of individual,

collective and state action. Living in a city can be culturally and economically
beneficial since it can provide greater opportunities for access to the labor
market, better education, housing and safety conditions, and reduce the time
and expense of commuting and transportation.
• Conditions like density, proximity, diversity, and marketplace competition are
elements of an urban environment that deemed positive.
• However, there are also negative social phenomena that arise, alienation,
stress, increased cost of living, and mass marginalization that are connected to
an urban way of living.
• Suburbanization, which is happening in the cities of the largest developing
countries, may be regarded as an attempt to balance these negative aspects of
urban life while still allowing access to the large extent of shared resources.
• In cities, money, services, wealth and opportunities are centralized. Many rural inhabitants come to the city to seek their
fortune and alter their social position. Businesses, which provide jobs and exchange capital, are more concentrated in
urban areas. Whether the source is trade or tourism, it is also through the ports or banking systems, commonly located
in cities, that foreign money flows into a country.
• In rural areas, often on small family farms or collective farms in villages, it has historically been difficult to access
manufactured goods, though the relative overall quality of life is very subjective, and may certainly surpass that of the
city. Farm living has always been susceptible to unpredictable environmental conditions, and in times of drought, flood
or pestilence, survival may become extremely problematic.
• Urbanization brings with it several consequences – both adverse and
beneficial. They impact on social and environmental areas.

Benefits of urbanization-
 Efficiency.
 Convenience – Access to education, health, social services and cultural activities is
more readily available to people in cities than in villages.
 Concentration of resources .
 Concentration of Educational facilities – More schools, colleges and universities
are established in cities to train and develop human resources.
 Better Social integration – People of many castes ,groups and religions live and
work together in cities, which creates better understanding and harmony and
helps breakdown social and cultural barriers.
 New Markets-Internet has opened up a new market world wide. Any one can sell
in this market by posting Free classifieds web from the comfort of the home.
 Economic Improvement – High-tech industries earn valuable foreign exchange and
lot of money for the country.
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF URBANISATION-
 There is increasing competition for facilities in urban
areas, which results in several negative effects. Many
people mainly farmers who move to cities in search of a
better life and better occupational opportunities end up
as casual labourers . This leads to menacing problems of
urbanization – the growth of slums.
 Land insecurity – Slums are usually located on land, not
owned by the slum dwellers. They can be evicted at any
time by the landowners.
 Poor living conditions – Crowding and lack of sanitation.
This often contributes to outbreak of diseases.
 Unemployment – Since the number of people aspiring for
jobs is more than jobs available, unemployment is a
natural outcome of situation.
 Crime – Slum conditions make maintenance of law and
order difficult. Patrolling of slums is often not on priority
list of law enforcing officers.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT-
 Temperature Increase- Due to factors such as
paving over formerly vegetated land, increasing
number of residences and high-rise apartments and
industries, temperature increase due to increased
absorption of Sun’s energy and production of more
and more heat due to very intense human activity.
 Air pollution-Factories and automobiles are most
visible symbols of urbanization Changes in Natural
Water Cycle – When urbanization takes place,
water cycle changes as cities have more
precipitation than surrounding areas. Due to
dumping of sewage from factories in water bodies,
water pollution occur which often resulting in
outbreaks of epidemics.
 Destruction of Natural Habitats of Flora and Fauna
– In making of an urban area, a lot of forested areas
are destroyed which otherwise would have been
natural habitats to many birds and animals.
Food waste-
 Rapid growth of communities create new
challenges in the developed world and one such
challenge is an increase in food waste also known
as urban food waste . Food waste is the disposal of
food products that can no longer be used due to
unused products, expiration, or spoilage. The
increase of food waste can raise environmental
concerns such as increase production of methane
gases and attraction of disease vectors.
 Landfills are the third leading cause of the release
of methane, causing a concern on its impact to our
ozone and on the health of individuals.
Habitat fragmentation-
 Urbanization can have a large effect on biodiversity
by causing a division of habitats and thereby
alienation of species, a process known as habitat
fragmentation. Habitat fragmentation does not
destroy the habitat, as seen in habitat loss, but
rather breaks it apart with things like roads and
railways
Health and social effects
In the developing world, urbanization does not translate into a significant
increase in life expectancy. Rapid urbanization has led to increased mortality
from non-communicable diseases associated with lifestyle, including cancer
and heart disease.
Urban health levels are on average better in comparison to rural areas.
However, residents in poor urban areas such as slums and informal settlements
suffer "disproportionately from disease, injury, premature death, and the
combination of ill-health and poverty entrenches disadvantage over time."
Many of the urban poor have difficulty accessing health services due to their
inability to pay for them; so they resort to less qualified and unregulated
providers.
 While urbanization is associated with improvements in public hygiene,
sanitation and access to health care, it also entails changes in occupational,
dietary and exercise patterns. It can have mixed effects on health patterns,
alleviating some problems and accentuating others.
 Changing forms.
 Recent developments, such as inner-city redevelopment schemes, mean
that new arrivals in cities no longer necessarily settle in the centre. In some
developed regions, the reverse effect, originally called counter urbanization
has occurred, with cities losing population to rural areas, and is particularly
common for richer families. This has been possible because of improved
communications, and has been caused by factors such as the fear of crime
and poor urban environments. It has contributed to the phenomenon of
shrinking cities experienced by some parts of the industrialized world.
 Urbanization can be planned urbanization or organic.
Planned urbanization, i.e.: planned community or the
garden city movement, is based on an advance plan,
which can be prepared for military, aesthetic, economic
or urban design reasons.
 Examples can be seen in many ancient cities; although
with exploration came the collision of nations, which
meant that many invaded cities took on the desired
planned characteristics of their occupiers.
 Many ancient organic cities experienced
redevelopment for military and economic purposes,
new roads carved through the cities, and new parcels
of land were cordoned off serving various planned
purposes giving cities distinctive geometric designs. UN
agencies prefer to see urban infrastructure installed
before urbanization occurs.
 Landscape planners are responsible for landscape
infrastructure (public parks, sustainable urban drainage
systems, greenways etc.) which can be planned before
urbanization takes place, or afterward to revitalize an
area and create greater livability within a region.
Concepts of control of the urban expansion are
considered in the American Institute of Planners.
 As population continues to grow and urbanize at unprecedented
rates, new urbanism and smart growth techniques are
implemented to create a transition into developing
environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable cities.
 Smart Growth and New Urbanism's principles include walkability,
mixed-use development, comfortable high-density design, land
conservation, social equity, and economic diversity.
 Mixed-use communities work to fight gentrification with
affordable housing to promote social equity, decrease automobile
dependency to lower use of fossil fuels, and promote a localized
economy.
 Walkable communities have a 38% higher average GDP per capita
than less walkable urban metros (Leinberger, Lynch). By
combining economic, environmental, and social sustainability,
cities will become equitable, resilient, and more appealing than
urban sprawl that overuses land, promotes automobile use, and
segregates the population economically.
URBANISATION IN INDIA-
 Urbanization in India began to accelerate after, due to
the country's adoption of a mixed economy, which gave
rise to the development of the private sector.
Urbanisation is taking place at a faster rate in India.
Population residing in urban areas in India, according to
1901 census, was 11.4%.
 This count increased to 28.53% according to 2001
census, and crossing 30% as per 2011 census, standing at
31.16%. In 2017, the numbers increased to 34%,
according to The World Bank. According to a survey by
UN State of the World Population report in 2007, by
2030, 40.76% of country's population is expected to
reside in urban areas. As per World Bank, India, along
with China, Indonesia, Nigeria, and the United States, will
lead the world's urban population surge by 2050.
 Mumbai saw large scale rural-urban migration in the 20th
century.[see main] Mumbai, in 2018, accommodates 22.1
million people, and is the largest metropolis by
population in India, followed by Delhi with 28 million
inhabitants. Witnessing the fastest rate of urbanisation in
the world, as per 2011 census, Delhi's population rises by
4.1%, Mumbai's by 3.1% and Kolkata's by 2% as per 2011
census compared to 2001 census.
 Causes of urbanization in India-
The main causes of urbanisation in India are:
 Expansion in government services, as a result of the Second World
War.
 Migration of people during the partition of India.
 The Industrial Revolution.
 Eleventh five-year plan that aimed at urbanisation for the economic
development of India. Economic opportunities are just one reason
people move into cities.
 Infrastructure facilities in the urban areas.
 Growth of private sector after 1990.
 Growth of employment in cities is attracting people from rural areas as
well as smaller cities to large towns. According to Mckinsey India's
urban population will grow from 340 million in 2008 to 590 million in
2030.
 Therefore, it is being driven by economic compulsions where people
move out for economic advancements to areas offering better job
opportunities.
 It is also driven by land fragmentations, villages being erased due to
roads and highway constructions, dam constructions and other
activities.
 Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood, but it’s no more
profitable: Indian rural economy is primarily based on agriculture.
 Rapid rise in urban population, in India, is leading to many problems
like increasing slums, decrease in standard of living in urban areas, also
causing environmental damage.
PROBLEMS OF URBANISATION IN INDIA-
• Problem of urbanisation is manifestation of lopsided
urbanisation, faulty urban planning, urbanisation
with poor economic base and without having
functional categories.
• hence india's urbanisation is followed by some basic
problems in the field of:
1)Unemployment
2Housing
3)Slums and squatter settlements
4)Transport
5)Water supply and sanitation
6)Water pollution and air pollution
7)Inadequate provision for social infrastructure.
URBANISATION IN WORLD-
 More than half of the world's
population now live in urban areas —
increasingly in highly-dense cities.
However, urban settings are a relatively
new phenomenon in human
history.2018 Revision of World
Urbanization Prospects.
 Today, 55% of the world's population
lives in urban areas, a proportion that is
expected to increase to 68% by 2050.
 The level of urbanization in Asia is now
approximating 50%. In contrast, Africa
remains mostly rural, with 43% of its
population living in urban areas
 MEGA-CITIES:
 Among the six most popular mega-cities in the
world in 2005 - Tokyo, Ciudad de México
(Mexico City), New York-Newark, Sao Paulo,
Mumbai (Bombay) and Delhi - Ciudad de
México (Mexico City).
 Mumbai (Bombay) and Delhi had annual
population growth rates above 2.4%.
Compared to 1950, the population of Delhi in
2005 was about 11 times larger; that of Sao
Paulo was 8 times larger, and that of Ciudad de
México (Mexico City) was almost 7 times larger.
 In the future, the growth of the major mega-
cities is projected to slow down, both in the
more as well as less developed regions.
However, there will be more variation in
growth rates in less developed regions.
 The majority of the urban population of
almost every country lives in small and
medium-sized cities. In 2005, 51.5% of the
urban population lived in cities with less
than half a million residents. That
proportion is projected to decrease to 50.5%
by 2015.
 The majority or urban dwellers in both more
and less developed regions resided in small
and medium-sized cities in 2005: 53.4% in
more developed regions and 50.7% in less
developed regions.
 The growth of slums in the last 15 years has
been unprecedented. In 1990, the World
was inhabited by almost 715 million of slum
dwellers. The slums population had
increased to 912 million by 2000 and to
approximately 998 million by today
• In a New York Times article concerning the acute migration away from farming in
Thailand, life as a farmer was described as "hot and exhausting". "Everyone says
the farmer works the hardest but gets the least amount of money". In an effort to
counter this impression, the Agriculture Department of Thailand is seeking to
promote the impression that farming is "honorable and secure".
• However, in Thailand, urbanization has also resulted in massive increases in
problems such as obesity. Shifting from a rural environment to an urbanized
community also caused a transition to a diet that was mainly carbohydrate based
to a diet higher in fat and sugar, consequently causing a rise in obesity.
• City life, especially in modern urban slums of the developing world, is certainly
hardly immune to pestilence or climatic disturbances such as floods, yet
continues to strongly attract migrants. Examples of this were the 2011 Thailand
floods and 2007 Jakarta flood. Urban areas are also far more prone to violence,
drugs, and other urban social problems. In the United States, industrialization of
agriculture has negatively affected the economy of small and middle-sized farms
and strongly reduced the size of the rural labour market.
Solutions
• Combat poverty by promoting economic development and job creation.
• Involve local community in local government.
• Reduce air pollution by upgrading energy use and alternative transport systems.
• Create private-public partnerships to provide services such as waste disposal and housing.
• Plant trees and incorporate the care of city green spaces as a key element in urban planning.
THANK YOU