The Family

Presented by Faiz
Family is a set of people related by blood, ma
rriage, or adoption who shares the primary re
sponsibility for reproduction and caring for
members of society
The family is a universal institution present i
n all cultures
 Types of Families
Nuclear Family
The nuclear family consists of a married couple a
nd their unmarried children living together
An extended family is a family in which relatives
such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles live in the
same home as parents and their children.
Extended families provide greater emotional an
d financial support.
Culture
Neighborhood

Family
Work Father Mother

School

Extended
Family Children

Religious
Organizations
 Function of Families
Survival of offspring
‐ Families help to ensure that children survive to maturity by atten
ding to their physical needs, health needs, and safety

Economic function
‐ Families provide the means for children to acquire the skills and
other resources they need to be economically productive in adult
hood

Cultural training
‐ Families teach children the basic values in their culture
 Parental Socialization
Parents as direct instructors
‐ Parents may directly teach their children skills, rules, and strategies and
explicitly inform or advise them on various issues

Parents as indirect socializers

‐ Parents provide indirect socialization in the course of their day-to-day i
nteractions with their children

Parents as providers and controllers of opportunities

‐ Parents manage children’s experiences and social lives, including their e
xposure to positive or negative experiences, their opportunities to play
with certain toys and children, and their exposure to various kinds of inf
ormation
 Parental Control
Parents’ efforts to supervise and monitor their children’s behavio
r

Effective control
‐ Setting standards that are appropriate for the child’s age
‐ Showing the child how to meet the standards
‐ Rewarding the child for complying to these standards

Parents should enforce the standards consistently

‐ Children and adolescents are more compliant when parents enforce
the rules regularly

Effective control is also based on good communication

‐ Parents should explain why they’ve set standards and why they rew
ard or punish as they do
How Can Parents Influence Their Children?

Direct Instruction
‐ Telling a child what to do, when and why

Learning by Observing (modeling)

‐ Learning what to do by watching
‐ Learning what not to do (counterimitation)

Feedback
‐ Parents indicate whether a behavior is appropriate and should co
ntinue or should stop
 Feedback
Reinforcement
‐ Any action that increases the likelihood of the re
sponse that it follows

Punishment
‐ Any action that discourages the reoccurrence of t
he response that it follows
 Drawbacks to punishment
Punishment is primarily suppressive: if a new b
ehavior isn’t learned to replace it, the old respon
se will come back.

Punishment can have undesirable side effects:

‐ Children become upset as they are being punished w

hich makes it unlikely that they will understand the
feedback that punishment is meant to convey.

‐ When children are punished physically – they often i

mitate this behavior with peers and younger siblings.
Marriage and Divorce
 Divorce
Nearly half of all first marriages end in divorc
e
‐ Every year approximately one million American c
hildren have parents who divorce

Divorce is distressing for children because it i

nvolves conflict between parents and usually
separation from one of them
 Impact of Divorce
About 70 percent of all divorces creates unhappin
ess in children.
Women’s income usually decreases after divorce.
Effects on Children
More likely to drop out of school
Suffer from drug/alcohol abuse
More psychological problems
More likely to divorce.
Thanks for a great coope
ration