Final Presentation

Presentation and analysis of
business Data
11-Hope-Group V
Presentation and Analysis of Business Data
•Content:
I. Objectives
II. Introduction
III.Business Data
IV.Graphs and Tables
V. Measures of Central Tendency
VI.Variability
VII.Tests of Significant Difference
VIII.MS EXCEL and SPSS
Objectives
Objectives
a. Show samples of business data.
b. Compare the forms (textual, tabular, and graphical) of
data presentation.
c. Identify the essential part of a table.
d. Draw the table to preset the data.
e. Analyze and interprets the data presented in the table
using measures of central tendency and variability and
test of significant differences .
f. Describe the different kind of graphs for data
presentation.
Objectives
g. Describe the essential part of the graph.

h. Give a set of business data, identify the graph to be
used
i. Draw the draft/table to present the data.
j. Analyze and interpret the data presented in the
graph/table.
k. Describe and show the steps on how to use EXCEL and
SPSS in business application.
Introduction
Presentation and analysis of Business data
Introduction
Presentation and Analysis of business Data

Before we get started, we need to define some
terms;
•Raw data- is the data collected in original form

•Frequency Distribution- is the organization of data in a
tabular form, using mutually exclusive classes showing
the number of observation in each.
Introduction
• Interval- is the distance between the class lower

boundary and the class upper boundary and it is
denoted by the symbol “i”
• Frequency- (f) is the umber of values in a specific class of
a frequency distribution.
•Cumulative Frequency- (cf) is the sum of the frequencies
accumulated up to the upper boundary of a class in a
frequency distribution.
Introduction
• Midpoint- is the point halfway between the class limits

of each class and represent of the data within that class.
Business Data
Presentation and analysis of Business data
Business Data
Gathering Business Data
Analysing and Interpreting Business Data
Frequency Distribution Table
Range
Frequency Polygon
Histogram
Business Data
Gathering Business Data
4 steps to gather and use big data in your business
1. Use efficient systems to gather data.

2. Have a simple system to identify trends.
3. Figure out what is causing the trends.
4. Develop plan of action.
Business Data
Analysing and Interpreting Business Data
Analyzing quantitative data
Quantitative data is information you collect in numerical
form, such as rating scales or documented frequency of
specific behaviors. For example, typically, close-ended
survey questions are coded into numbers so they can be
analyzed quantitatively. While statistical analysis of
quantitative information can be quite complex, some
relatively simple techniques can provide useful
information.
Business Data
Descriptive statistics can help summarize
your data and identify key findings while
inferential analyses can help you draw
conclusions about your results. Descriptive
analysis is used to reduce your raw data
down to an understandable level. Common
methods include:
Business Data
Frequency distribution: tables or charts that show how
many of your evaluation participants fall into various
categories of interest.
Central tendency: the number that best represents the
“typical score,” such as the mode (the number or
category that appears most frequently), median (the
number in the exact middle of the data set), and mean
(the arithmetic average of your numbers).
Business Data
Variability: amount of variation or disagreement in your
results. Common measures of variability include range
(difference between the highest and lowest scores) and
standard deviation (a more complicated calculation based
on a comparison of each score to the average).
Business Data
Tips for analysis
•Review and clean data to make sure everything is

accurate, complete, and any inconsistencies have been
resolved before beginning your analysis.
•Leave enough time and money for analysis – it is easy to
focus so much on data collection that you do not leave
enough resources to analyze the results.
Business Data
•Identify the appropriate statistics for each key question –

get consultation if needed.
•Do not use the word “significant” when describing your
findings unless it has been tested and found to be true
either statistically or clinically.
•Keep the analysis simple.
Business Data
Analyzing qualitative data
Qualitative data is non-numerical information, such as
responses gathered through interviews, observations, focus
groups, written documents or journals, or open-ended survey
questions. On its own, or in combination with quantitative
information, qualitative data can provide rich information
about how programs work. At the simplest level, qualitative
analysis involves examining your data to determine how they
answer your evaluation questions. Meaningful analysis of
qualitative information can be challenging, however.
Business Data
The first step in analyzing qualitative information is to reduce or
simplify the information. Because of its verbal nature, this
simplification may be difficult. Important information may be
interspersed throughout interviews or focus group
proceedings. During this first stage of analysis, you must often
make important choices about which aspects of the
information should be emphasized, minimized, or left out of
our analysis altogether. While it can be difficult to remove
comments provided directly by your informants, it is important
to remain focused on the questions that you are trying to
answer and the relevance of the information to these
questions.
Business Data
When analyzing qualitative data, look for trends or commonalities
deeply-rooted in the results. Depending on the amount and type
of data that you have, you might want to assign codes to the
responses to help you group the comments into categories. You
can begin to develop a set of codes before you collect your
information, based on the theories or assumptions you have about
the anticipated responses. However, it is important to review and
modify your set of codes as you proceed to ensure that they
reflect the actual findings. When you report the findings, the codes
will help you identify the most prevalent themes that emerged.
You might also want to identify quotes that best illustrate the
themes, for use in reports.
Business Data
Interpreting your results and drawing conclusions
Both quantitative and qualitative analysis only gets you so
far. While the analysis can help you to summarize and
identify key findings, you still need to interpret the results
and draw your conclusions. Drawing conclusions involves
stepping back to consider what the results mean and to
assess their implications. During this phase, consider the
following types of questions:
Business Data
•What patterns and themes emerge in the results?
•Are there any deviations from these patterns? If yes, are
there any factors that might explain these deviations?
•Do the results make sense?
•Are there any findings that are surprising? If so, how do
you explain these results?
•Are the results significant from a clinical or statistical
standpoint? Are they meaningful in a practical way?
Business Data
•Do any interesting stories emerge from the
responses?
•Do the results suggest any recommendations for
improving the program?
•Do the results lead to additional questions about
the program? Do they suggest that additional data
may need to be collected?
Business Data
Frequency Distribution Table
Constructing Frequency Distribution Table
Step 1: Arrange the raw data in ascending and descending
order
Step 2: Determine the classes
Find the highest and lowest value
Determine the class interval
Set the individual class limit
Business Data
•Step 3: Tally the raw data
•Step 4: Convert the tallied data in
numerical frequencies
•Step 5: Determine the cumulative
frequency
•Step 6: Determine the mid point
Business Data
Business problem
1. The ages of the 50 staff under Hotel Del Luna was
given by the CEO, create a frequency distribution Table
using the given data
56, 40, 35, 30, 27, 26, 33, 28, 36, 35,
34, 39, 23, 32, 43, 30, 47, 56, 36, 57,
38, 49, 53, 35, 40, 45, 50, 28, 27, 45,
40, 35, 39, 45, 49, 43, 42, 57, 38, 43,
52, 28, 56, 37, 36, 37, 39, 28, 25, 43.
Business Data
Solution;
Step 1: arrange the raw data ascending or descending
order.
23, 25, 26, 27, 27, 28, 28, 28, 28, 30,
30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 35, 35, 35, 36, 36,
36, 37, 37, 38, 38, 39, 39, 39, 40, 40,
40, 42, 43, 43, 43, 43, 45, 45, 45, 47,
49, 49, 50, 52, 53, 56, 56, 56, 57, 57,.
Business Data
Step 2: Determine the classes
Find the highest and lowest value.
57 and 23
Find the Range.
57-23=34
Determine the Class Interval .
Business Data
Set the individual Class limit.
23-29
30-36
37-43
44-50
51-57
Business Data
Step 3: tally the raw data.
Class limit tally
23-29 IIIII-IIII
30-36 IIIII-IIIII-II
37-44 IIIII-IIIII-IIIII
45-51 IIIII-II
52-58 IIIII-II
Business Data
Step 4: Convert the tallied data into numerical
frequencies.
Class limit tally Frequency
23-29 IIIII-IIII 9
30-36 IIIII-IIIII-II 12
37-44 IIIII-IIIII-IIIII 15
45-51 IIIII-II 7
52-58 IIIII-II 7
Business Data
Step 5: Determine the cumulative frequency
Class limit Frequency Cf
23-29 9 9
30-36 12 21
37-44 15 36
45-51 7 43
52-58 7 50
Business Data
Step 6: Determine the midpoint.
Class limit Frequency midpoint
23-29 9 26
30-36 12 33
37-44 15 40
45-51 7 47
52-58 7 54
Business Data
Class limit Frequency midpoint Cf

23-29 9 26 9
30-36 12 33 21
37-44 15 40 36
45-51 7 47 43
52-58 7 54 50
TOTAL 50
Business Data
2. The food services Department of the KJM cinema
is studying the amount spent by an individual on
food and drinks during hi visit per day . A sample
of 40 individual who visited the cinema
yesterday revealed they spent the following
amounts. Construct a Frequency Distribution
Table using the raw data given.
Business Data
₱138, ₱122, ₱145, ₱186, ₱190, ₱195, ₱160, ₱160,
₱155, ₱170, ₱180, ₱165, ₱163, ₱175, ₱170, ₱178,
₱105, ₱200, ₱140, ₱139, ₱184, ₱182, ₱185, ₱165,
₱142, ₱128, ₱126, ₱130, ₱165, ₱168, ₱115, ₱110,
₱150, ₱148, ₱155, ₱193, ₱120, ₱210, ₱205, ₱220
Business Data
Step 1: arrange the raw data ascending or descending
order.
105, 110, 115, 120, 122, 126, 128, 130, 138, 139
140, 142, 145, 148, 150, 155, 155, 160, 160, 163
165, 165, 165, 168, 170, 170, 175, 178, 180, 182
184, 185, 186, 190, 193, 195, 200, 205, 210, 220
Business Data
Class Tally Frequency Cumulative Midpoints
Frequency
101-120 IIII 4 4 110.5
121-140 IIIII-II 7 11 130.5
141-160 IIIII-III 8 19 150.5
161-180 IIIII-IIIII 10 29 170.5
181-200 IIIII-III 8 37 190.5
201-220 III 3 40 210.5
Total 40
Business Data
Range
The difference of the highest value and the lowest

value in a distribution.
Formula:
Maximum value-Minimum value
Or
Highest value-Lowest value
Business Data
Business problem
1. Mr. Velasco received the list of the price of his
published book. The price are ₱150, ₱150, ₱175,
₱195, ₱250, ₱250 and ₱375. what is the range of the
given data.
Maximum value- minimum value
=375-150
=225
Business Data
2. Ms.Mirrage kim listed the price of 8 washing machine in
savers. The price are ₱3,500, ₱2,800, ₱3,400, ₱2,500 ,
₱3,900, ₱4,500, ₱3,600 and ₱4,300. find the range of the
given data.
Maximum value-minimum value

4,500-2,800
=1,700
Business Data
Frequency polygon
-it is a graph that displays the data using points

which are connected by lines. The frequencies are
the classes. The vertical axis represent the
frequency of the distribution while the horizontal
axis represent the mid points of the frequency
distribution.
Business Data
Constructing Frequency Polygon
Step 1: Find the mid point of each class

Step 2: Draw and label the x-axis and y axis
Step 3: Represent the frequency on the y
axis and the mid point on the x-axis.
Business Data
Business Problem
1. Create a frequency polygon

using the data of the prices of
the KPOP merchandize in Nepo
Mall. Given the table
Business Data
Class limits F
94-97 4
98-101 10
102-105 15
106-109 13
110-113 6
114-117 2
Business Data
STEP 1. Find the mid point of each class
Class limits F Midpoint
94-97 4 95.5
98-101 10 99.5
102-105 15 103.5
106-109 13 107.5
110-113 6 111.5
114-117 2 115.5
Business Data
Series 1
Series 1
Business Data
Step 3: Represent the frequency on the y axis and the mid
point on the x-axis.
Series 1
16
14
12
10
8
Series 1
0
95.5 99.5 103.5 107.5 111.5 115.5
Business Data
2. A sale representative from LIB publishing
company recorded the number of client contacts
for the 36 day. Create a frequency polygon using
the given table.
Business Data
CB F x
15-19 7 17
20-24 15 22
25-29 9 27
30-34 5 32
Business Data
16
14
12
10
8
Series 1
6
0
17 22 27 32
Business Data
Histogram
-it is a graph in which the classes are

marked on the horizontal axis (x-axis)
and the class frequencies on the
vertical axis (y-axis).
Business Data
The height bars represent the class
frequencies, and the bars are drawn
adjacent to each other. Nevertheless, the
histogram focuses on the frequency of
each class and sacrifice whatever
information was contained in the actual
observations.
Business Data
Constructing Histogram
Step 1: Find the mid point of each class

Step 3: Represent the frequency on the y
axis and the mid point on the x-axis.
Business Data
Business Problem
1. Suppose a researcher wished to do a study on the
monthly salary of call center agents of selecting Business
Process Outsourcing(BPO) companies. The research first
would have to collect the data by asking each call center
agents about their monthly salary . Construct a histogram
using the data given.
Business Data
Class limits Frequency

14-16 4
17-19 9
20-22 16
23-25 23
26-28 17
29-31 8
32-34 3
Business Data
STEP 1. Find the mid point of each class
Class limits Frequency Midpoints
14-16 4 15
17-19 9 18
20-22 16 21
23-25 23 24
26-28 17 27
29-31 8 30
32-34 3 33
Business Data
Step 2: draw and label the x-axis and y-axis
Series3
Business Data
Step 3: represent the frequency on the y-axis and the
midpoints on the x-axis.
25
20
15
Series 1
10
0
15 18 21 24 27 30 33
Business Data
2. A marketing research consultant conducted a survey of
40 persons who used to visit fast-food chains in one
morning. The age of the person were recorded to the
nearest year as follows Create a histogram using the
given data
Business Data
Class limits Frequency Midpoint

16-25 6 20.5
26-25 15 30.5
36-45 9 40.5
46-55 10 50.5
Business Data
16
14
12
10
8
Series 1
0
20.5 30.5 40.5 50.5
GRAPHS AND TABLES
GRAPHS AND TABLES
•Types Of Charts or Graphs:
Line Chart/Graph
Bar Chart/Graph
Pie Chart/Graph
GRAPHS AND TABLES
•Parts of a Table:
The title
 The Box Head (column captions)
The Stub (row captions)
The Body
Prefatory Notes
Footnotes
Source Notes
GRAPHS AND TABLES
Line Graph
-they are used when you have a data that are
connected.
- are usually used to show dependent data, and
particularly trends over time. Line graphs depict a
point value for each category which are joined in a
line. We can use the data from the pie chart as a
line graph too.
GRAPHS AND TABLES
Stock price
7
0
january february march april may june
GRAPHS AND TABLES
Business problem
1. Between w/c 2 moths was the decrease in

the stock price the greatest?
-March and April
GRAPHS AND TABLES
2. In which months was the stock price

greater than $5?
- February and March
GRAPHS AND TABLES
Bar Graph
•To show numbers that are independent of

each other. Example data might include
things like the number of people who
preferred each of Chinese takeaways,
Indian takeaways and fish and chips.
GRAPHS AND TABLES
• And a bar graph is a chart or graph that
presents categorical data with rectangular
bars with heights or lengths proportional
to the values that they represent. The bars
can plotted vertically or horizontally. A
vertical bar chart is sometimes called a line
graph.
GRAPHS AND TABLES
60
50
40
Series 1
30
Series 2
Series 3
20
10
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
GRAPHS AND TABLES
1. For which of the following years, the percentage
rise/fall in production from the previous year is the
maximum for Company Y?
a. 1997
b. 1998
c. 1999
d. 2000
Answer: option A
GRAPHS AND TABLES
2. What is the percentage increase in the production of
company Y from 1996 to 1999?
a. 30%
b. 45%
c. 50%
d. 60%
Answer : D
GRAPHS AND TABLES
Pie Graph
A pie chart (or a circle chart) is a circular statistical

graphic, which is divided into slices to illustrate
numerical proportion. In a pie chart, the arc length
of each slice(and consequently its central angle and
area), is proportional to the quantity it represent.
GRAPHS AND TABLES
•Pie chart are used to show

how the whole breaks down
into parts, and unlike bar
graphs, show dependent data.
GRAPHS AND TABLES
Business problem
Pie-chart shows the proportions of pets in a pet store. If

the store has 900 pets in total, how may of each pet does
the store have?
GRAPHS AND TABLES
Sales
snake
dogs
cats
birds
GRAPHS AND TABLES
GRAPHS AND TABLES
GRAPHS AND TABLES
Parts of a Table
• Major Parts:
1.The Title- The title is the main

heading written at the top of the table
. It must explains, the contents of the
table.
GRAPHS AND TABLES
2. The Box Head- The vertical heading and subheading are
called Box Head, which is also known as column caption .
The space where the column headings are written is
called as Box head . Only first letter of the box head
should be written in a capital letters , and the remaining
should be written in small letters.
GRAPHS AND TABLES
3. The Stub Entries-The horizontal

heading and sub heading of a row are
called as the sub entries or row
caption. The space where the row
headings are written is called as stub.
GRAPHS AND TABLES
4. The Body- the main part of the table

is called as body , which contains the
numerical information classified with
respect to row and column captions.
Some other parts of the table are as
follows:
GRAPHS AND TABLES
5. The Prefatory notes- As the

name denotes, a statement which
describes the unit of
measurements. It appears below
the title, enclosed by brackets.
GRAPHS AND TABLES
6. The Foot notes- As usual it appears

at the foot of the body giving further
explanation.
7. Source notes – It indicates the time
from when the source is taken, and it
comes under the table
Measure of Central Tendency
Presentation And analysis of Business Data
Mean
Median
Mode
Properties of Mean
1.A set of data has only one mean

2.Mean can be applied for interval
and ratio data.
3.All values in the data set are
included in computing the mean
4. The mean is very useful in comparing
two or more data sets.
5. Mean is effected by the extreme small or
large values on a data set.
6. The mean cannot be computed for the
data in a frequency distribution with an
open ended class.
Mean for Ungrouped Data
Mean=
Sample Mean=
Population Mean=
Business problem
1. The daily wages of the 8 employees at

BBH Inc. are ₱320, ₱380, ₱300, ₱450,
₱380, ₱480, ₱350, and ₱430. find the
mean of the daily wages of the employees.
Solution:
Therefore; the sample mean of the daily

wages of the employees is 386.25.
2. Find the population mean of the

ages of the managers of Next In
Company. The ages are 53,45, 57, 38,
49, 55, 56, and 55.
Solution=
Therefore, the mean population of ages of

the managers in Next In company is 51.25.
Mean for Grouped Data
Sample mean =
Business Problem
1. Determine the mean of the price of the

book that Psicom Publishing sell during
MIBF.
Class limits Frequency (f)

1-50 19
51-100 12
101-150 9
151-200 10
solution:
Step 1: determine the midpoint of each class limit.
Class limits f Midpoint(x)
1-50 19 25
51-100 12 75
101-150 9 125
151-200 10 175
Step 2: multiply each class frequency(f) with the
corresponding midpoint(X) to obtain the product fx.
Class limits f X fx
1-150 19 25 475
51-100 12 75 900
101-150 9 125 1125
151-200 10 175 1750
Step 3: get the sum of product fx.
Class limits f X fx
1-150 19 25 475
51-100 12 75 900
101-150 9 125 1125
151-200 10 175 1750
Total: 50 =4250
Step 4: apply the formula to obtain the value of the
sample mean.
2. Determine the mean of

the original price of the
books in Psicom Publishing.
Use the data given below.
Class limits F X fx
101-150 26 125 3,250
151-200 18 175 3,150
201-250 3 225 675
251-300 3 275 825
total 50 =790
apply the formula to obtain the value of the sample mean.
The Median
Properties of Median
1.The median is unique there is only one
median for a set of data.
2.The median is four by arranging the set of
data from lowest to lowest or highest to
lowest and getting the middle observation
3.Median is not effected by the extreme small or large
values.
4.Median can be computed for an open ended frequency
distribution
5.Median can be computed original interval ratio data.
6.Median is most appropriate in a skewad data
Median for Ungrouped Data
To determine the value of median for ungrouped data, we
need to consider two rule.
1.If n is odd, the median is the middle ranked
2. If n is even, the median is the average of the two middle
ranked values.
Median(rank value)
Business Problem
1. A restaurant in Marquee mall charge ₱230, ₱180 , ₱190,

₱175, ₱165, ₱200, ₱150 , ₱125, ₱195, and ₱140 for a
regular dinner, Find the median.
Step 1: arrange the data in order.
125, 140, 150, 165, 175, 180, 190, 195, 200, 230
Step 2: select the middle rank value.
Median
Step 3: Identify the median in the set.
125, 140, 150, 165, 175, 180, 190, 195, 200, 230
Since the middle point falls between 5 and 6, we can

determined the median of the data set by getting the
average of the two values.
Median
Therefore , the median of the

charge in a restaurant in marquee
mall 177.5.
2. 8 companies were asked, “to how many
charitable institutions did you give your
cash donations in 2018?” the company
responded that they give money to, 19, 17,
22, 24, 16, 8, 17, and 11. Determine the
median of the given data.
Step 1: arrange the data in order.
8, 11, 16, 17, 17, 19, 22, 24
Step 2: select the middle rank value.

Median=
Step 3: Identify the median in the set.
8, 11, 16, 17, 17, 19, 22, 24
Since the middle point falls between 4 and 5, we can

determined the median of the data set by getting the
average of the two values.
Median
Therefore, the median is 17.

Median for Grouped Data
Median=
Business Problems
1. A book collector list down the

price of all the books that she
have. Solve for the median of the
given table.
Class limits F
101-125 1
126-150 10
151-175 6
176-200 3
201-225 2
226-250 3
Step 1: Determine the median class.
Step 2: Construct a cumulative Frequency column in the
table. Class limits F CF
101-125 1 1
126-150 10 11
151-175 6 17
176-200 3 20
201-225 2 22
226-250 3 25
Step 3: Identify the median class by locating the 13th
ranked in the table.
Class limits F CF
101-125 1 1
This class covers the
12th to 17th rank value 126-150 10 11
in the frequency
distribution. The 13th
151-175 6 17
rank belongs in class.
176-200 3 20
201-225 2 22
226-250 3 25
Step 4: Determine the values of LB, cf, f, i and N.
Class limits F CF
LB=
101-125 1 1
126-150 10 Cf=11 151-.5=150.5
151-175 F=6 17
176-200 3 20 i= 126-101=25
201-225 2 22
226-250 3 25
total N=25
Step 5: apply the formula to compute for the value of
median.
The median is 156.75. observe that the median will fall

within the class boundary of the median class.
2. Mr.Kim, the manager of a soy

company list down the price of all the
liquid spices that their competitors
own. Solve for the median of the
given data.
Class limit Frequency Cumulative
frequency
LB=
11-50 14 Cf=14 51-.5=50.5
51-90 F=25 39
91-130 8 47 i=51-11=40
131-170 3 50
total N=50
Formula:
The median is 68.10. observe that the median will fall

within the class boundary of the median class.
The Mode
Properties of Mode
1.The mode is found by locating the

most frequently occurring value.
2.The mode is the easiest to compute.
3.There can be more than one mode or
even no mode in any given data set.
4.Mode is not affected by the extreme
small or large values.
5.Mode can be applied for nominal, ordinal,
interval and ratio data.
Business Problem
1. The owner of the cafe universe conduct a research

about the ages of the customer of his cafe. He ask 12
customer for the first day. Given the data 18, 27, 30, 46,
50, 44, 52, 53, 61, 48, 32, and 51. determine the mode.
Solution:
The ordered array for the data is

18, 27, 30, 32, 44, 46, 48, 50, 51, 52,
53, and 61.
There is no mode since the data set
don't have same frequency .
2. The price of different brand of electric

fan at 8 stores are found to be ₱1,200,
₱1,100, ₱1,900, ₱1,200, ₱1,210, ₱1,250,
₱1,300, and ₱1450. Find The mode
Solution:
The ordered array for the data is
₱1,100, ₱1,200, ₱1,200, ₱1,210,
₱1,250, ₱1,300, ₱1,450, and ₱1,900.
The mode is ₱1,200, because it
appeared twice in the array.
Variability
Variability
Variability
Range
 Inter quartile Range(1QR)
Variance
Standard Deviation
Variability
Variability
-Also called spread or dispersion.
-Refers to how spread out a set of data is.
Variability gives you a way to describe how
much data sets vary and allows you to use
statistics to compare your data to other sets of
data.
Variability
Range
The range is the difference

between the largest value and
smallest value in a set of values.
Variability
Business problem
1. A company owned a six local outlets. The percent of the

peso sales for each during 2018 were 5, 19, 10, 17, 24,
and 25. Determine the range of the data given.
Variability
Range = highest value- lowest value

=25-5
Range= 20
Variability
2. A sale manager would like to see each of his sales

representative unit sales per month. A new recruit told to
keep weekly record of sales . The following are 10, 14, 17,
18, 30, 28, 27, 38, 16, 5, 8, 19, 28, 17, 21, 23, 43, 21, 26,
28, 16, 6, 15, and 10. calculate the range
Variability
Range= highest value - lowest value

= 43-5
Range= 38
Variability
Inter quartile Range
The inter quartile range is almost the same as
the range, only instead of stating the range for
the whole data set, you’re giving the amount
for the “middle fifty“. It’s sometimes more
useful than the range because it tells you
where most of your values lie.
Variability
The formula is IQR = Q3 – Q1, where Q3 is the
third quartile and Q1 is the first quartile. You’re
basically taking one of the smallest values (at the 25th
percentile) and subtracting it from one of the largest
values (at the 75th percentile). The following box plot
shows the inter quartile range, represented by the
box. The whiskers (the lines coming out from either
side of the box) represent the first quarter of the data
and the last quarter.
Variability
Variability
Business problem
1.The sizes of the shoes that were given to
a Paul family are 1,3,4,5,5,6,7,11.Find the
IR.
Formula ; 1QR=3QR-1QR
Variability
1
3 Q1
4
5
5 Q2
6
7 Q3
11
Variability
2. Alexandra's birthday party will be held next month. The
theme of her party is colorful,so they bought different
colors of balloons.The number of balloons are
11,12,13,15,15,16,17,18. Find the IR.
Variability
11
12 Q1
13
15 Q2
15
16 Q3
17
18
Variability
Variance
The variance of a data set gives you a rough idea of

how spread out your data is. A small number for
the variance means your data set is tightly clustered
together and a large number means the values are
more spread apart. The variance is rarely useful
except to calculate the standard deviation.
Variability
Business problem
1. A time study analyst observed a packaging operation

and collected the following times ( in seconds) required
for the operation to fill packages of a fixed volume box,
11, 12, 15, 18, 13, 18, 16, 14, 12, and 17.find the
varience.
Variability
Step 1: compute the mean of the data set.
Variability
Step 2: subtract the mean for each of the value in the data
set. x x-x
11 -3.60
12 -2.60
15 .40
18 3.40
13 -1.60
18 3.40
16 1.40
14 -.60
12 2.60
17 2.40
Variability
Step 3: Square the x-x, then get the sum.
x x-x (x-x)^2
11 -3.60 12.96
12 -2.60 6.76
15 .40 0.16
18 3.40 11.56
13 -1.60 2.56
18 3.40 11.26
16 1.40 1.96
14 -.60 0.36
12 2.60 6.76
17 2.40 5.76
Variability
Step 4: solve for the variance
Formula
The variance is 6.71

Variability
2. Jeselyn works in a Toy store as a part time, she has
different shifts in every single day starts from Sunday
7am to 9am,Monday 8am to 11am, Tuesday 1pm to 5
pm, Wednesday 7am to 11am, Thursday 12nn to 6pm,
Friday 11am to 1pm and at Saturdays 6pm to 10 pm,
what is her average working hour and find the variance...
Variability
Sunday= 7am-9am= 2 hours
Monday=8a-11am=2hours
Tuesday= 1pm-5pm=4hours
Wednesday= 7am-11am=4 hours
Thursday=1pm- 6pm=5 hours
Friday= 11am-1pm= 2hours
Saturday=6pm-10pm= 4 hours
Variability
x (x-x) (x-x0)^2 ∑x=24
2 -1.42 2.02
2 -1.42 2.02
3 -0.42 0.18
∑(x-x)=0
4 0.58 0.34
4 0.58 0.34 ∑(x-x)^2=7.74
4 0.58 0.34
5 1.58 2.50
Variability
Variability
Standard Deviation
The standard deviation tells you how tightly
your data is clustered around the mean
(the average). A small SD indicates that your
data is tightly clustered — you’ll also have a
taller bell curve; a large SD tells you that your
data is more spread apart.
Variability
Variability
Business Problem
1 Mr. Sic Santos, The super visor of a fast food restaurant
selected several receipts at a random. The amount spent
by customers were 60, 62, 65, 75, 78, 80, 83, and 91.
Variability
Step 1: Compute the mean of the data set.
Variability
Step 2: subtract the mean for each of the value in the data
set. x x-x
60 -14.25
62 -12.25
65 -9.25
75 .75
78 3.75
80 5.75
83 8.75
91 16.75
Variability
Step 3: Square the x-x, then get the sum.
x x-x (x-x)^2
60 -14.25 203.06
62 -12.25 150.06
65 -9.25 85.56
75 .75 .56
78 3.75 14.06
80 5.75 33.06
83 8.75 76.56
91 16.75 208.56
Variability
Step 4: solve for the standard deviation.
Formula
The standard deviation is 10.50.

Variability
1. Jake Muñoz bought candies for

his nephew everyday with 5, 6, 4,
8, 10, 3, and 8 candies. Find the
standard deviation.
Variability
x x-x (x-x)^2
3 -3.29 10.82
4 -2.29 5.24
2 -1.29 1.66
6 -0.29 0.08
8 1.71 2.92
8 1.71 2.92
10 3.71 13.76
∑x=44 ∑(x-x)^2=37.40
Variability
Test of significant Difference
Steps in conducting the Test of Difference
Null and Alternative Hypothesis
Z-test and T-test
Testing the difference between Two
Sample Means
Steps in conducting the test of difference
1. Decide type of comparison of means test.

(one sample, two sample, paired samples)
2. Decide whether a one- or two-sided test.
3. Examine the appropriateness of a comparison of means test
(based on the assumptions)
4. Establish null and alternative hypotheses.
5. Decide whether a z-statistic or t-statistic is appropriate.
6. Calculate sample mean(s).
7. Calculate standard deviation of sample IF using a t-test.
8. Calculate standard error.
9. Calculate z-statistic or t-statistic.
10. Determine p-value from the test statistic using the
appropriate z or t distribution.
11. Interpret the p-value in terms of the hypotheses
established prior to the test.
Null and Alternative Hypothesis
• The term null is used because this hypothesis assumes that there is no
difference between the two means or that the recorded difference is not
significant. The notation that is typically used for the null hypothesis is H0.
• The opposite of a null hypothesis is called the alternative hypothesis. The
alternative hypothesis is the claim that researchers are actually trying to
prove is true. However, they prove it is true by proving that the null
hypothesis is false. If the null hypothesis is false, then its opposite, the
alternative hypothesis, must be true. The notation that is typically used
for the alternative hypothesis is Ha.
Z-test and T-test
Testing the difference between Two Sample Means
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Presentation and analysis of Business Data
MS EXCEL and SPSS
MS EXCEL SPSS

Definition of SPSS
Parts of EXCEL
All about SPSS
Uses Parts of SPSS
keys/formulas Uses
MS EXCEL and SPSS
MS EXCEL
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed
by Microsoft for Windows, macOS,
Android and iOS. It features calculation,
graphing tools, pivot tables, and
a macro programming language called Visual
Basic for Applications.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
It has been a very widely applied
spreadsheet for these platforms, especially
since version 5 in 1993, and it has
replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry
standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms
part of the Microsoft Office suite of
software.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Parts of MS EXCEL
The Excel window
Many items you see on the Excel XP screen
are standard in most other Microsoft software
programs like Word, PowerPoint, and previous
versions of Excel, while some elements are
specific to Excel XP.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Workbook
Also called a spreadsheet, the workbook is a
unique file created by Excel XP.
Title bar
The title bar displays both the name of the

application and the name of the spreadsheet.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Toolbar
Some commands in the menus have pictures or icons
associated with them. These pictures may also appear as
shortcuts in the toolbar.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Column headings
Each Excel spreadsheet contains 256 columns. Each
column is named by a letter or combination of letters.
Row headings
Each spreadsheet contains 65,536 rows. Each row is
named by a number.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Name box
This shows the address of the current selection or active
cell.
Formula bar
The formula bar displays information entered—or being
entered as you type—in the current or active cell. The
contents of a cell can also be edited in the formula bar.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Cell
A cell is an intersection of a column and row. Each cell
has a unique cell address. In the picture above, the cell
address of the selected cell is B3. The heavy border
around the selected cell is called the cell pointer.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Navigation buttons and sheet tabs
Navigation buttons allow you to move to another worksheet in
an Excel workbook. They are used to display the first, previous,
next, and last worksheets in the workbook.
Sheet tabs separate a workbook into specific worksheets. A
workbook defaults to three worksheets. A workbook must
contain at least one worksheet.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Workbooks and worksheets
A workbook automatically shows in the workspace
when you open Microsoft Excel XP. Each workbook
contains three worksheets. A worksheet is a grid of cells
consisting of 65,536 rows by 256 columns. Spreadsheet
information—text, numbers, or mathematical formulas—
is entered into different cells.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Column headings are referenced by alphabetic characters
in the gray boxes that run across the Excel screen,
beginning with column A and ending with column IV.
Rows are referenced by numbers that appear on the
left and then run down the Excel screen. The first row is
named row 1, while the last row is named 65536.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Important terms
A workbook is made up of three worksheets.
The worksheets are labelled Sheet1, Sheet2,
and Sheet3.
Each Excel worksheet is made up of columns and rows.
In order to access a worksheet, click the tab that
says Sheet#.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
The cell
An Excel worksheet is made up of columns and rows.
Where these columns and rows intersect, they form little
boxes called cells. The active cell—or the cell that can be
acted upon—reveals a dark border. All other cells reveal a
light gray border. Each cell has a name. Its name is
comprised of two parts: the column letter and the row
number.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
MS EXCEL and SPSS
In the following picture, the cell C3—formed by the
intersection of column C and row 3—contains the dark
border. It is the active cell.
Important terms
Each cell has a unique cell address composed of a cell's
column and row.
The active cell is the cell that receives the data or
command you give it.
A darkened border, called the cell pointer, identifies it.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Moving around the worksheet
You can move around the spreadsheet in several ways.
To move the cell pointer:
To activate any cell, point to a cell with the mouse and click.
To move the pointer one cell to the left, right, up, or down,
use the keyboard arrow keys.
To scroll through the worksheet:
The vertical scroll bar located along the right edge of the
screen is used to move up or down the spreadsheet.
The horizontal scroll bar located at the bottom of the screen is
used to move left or right across the spreadsheet.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
MS EXCEL and SPSS
The Page Up and Page Down keys on the keyboard are used to
move the cursor up or down one screen at a time. Other keys
that move the active cell are Home, which moves to the first
column on the current row, and Ctrl + Home, which moves the
cursor to the top-left corner of the spreadsheet, or cell A1.
To move between worksheets:
As mentioned, each workbook defaults to three worksheets.
These worksheets are represented by tabs—named Sheet1,
Sheet2 and Sheet3—that appear at the bottom of the Excel
window.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
To move from one worksheet to another:
Click the sheet tab—Sheet1, Sheet2 or Sheet 3—you
want to display.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Uses of MS EXCEL
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program. That means it's
used to create grids of text, numbers and formulas
specifying calculations. That's extremely valuable for
many businesses, which use it to record expenditures and
income, plan budgets, chart data and succinctly present
fiscal results.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
It can be programmed to pull in data from external
sources such as stock market feeds, automatically
running the data through formula such as financial
models to update such information in real time. Like
Microsoft Word, Excel has become a de facto standard in
the business world, with Excel spreadsheets frequently
emailed and otherwise shared to exchange data and
perform various calculations.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Excel also contains fairly powerful
programming capabilities for those who wish
to use them that can be used to develop
relatively sophisticated financial and scientific
computation capabilities.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
KEYS Ctrl+D Fill down. Fills the cell
Tab Move to the next cell, to beneath with the contents of
the right of the currently the selected cell. To fill more
selected cell. than one cell, select the
Ctrl+A Select all contents of a source cell and
worksheet. press Ctrl+Shift+Downto
select multiple cells. Then
Ctrl+B Bold all cells in the press Ctrl+D to fill them with
highlighted section. the contents of the original
Ctrl+C Copy all cells in the cell.
highlighted section.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Ctrl+F Search current sheet. Ctrl+N Creates a new
Ctrl+G Go to a certain area. workbook.
Ctrl+H Find and replace. Ctrl+O Opens a workbook.
Ctrl+I Puts italics on all cells Ctrl+PPrint the current
in the highlighted section. sheet.
Ctrl+K Inserts a hyperlink.
Ctrl+L Opens the Create
Table dialog box.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Ctrl+R Fill right. Fills the cell to Ctrl+S Saves the open
the right with the contents of worksheet.
the selected cell. To fill more Ctrl+T Open the Create
than one cell, select the Table dialog box.
source cell and Ctrl+U Underlines all cells in
press Ctrl+Shift+Rightto select the highlighted section.
multiple cells. Then
press Ctrl+R to fill them with Ctrl+V Pastes everything copied
the contents of the original onto the clipboard.
cell.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Ctrl+W Closes the current Ctrl+2 Bolds all cells in the
workbook. highlighted section.
Ctrl+X Cuts all cells in the Ctrl+3 Puts italics all cells in
highlighted section. the highlighted section.
Ctrl+Y Repeats the last entry. Ctrl+4Underlines all cells in
Ctrl+Z Undo the last action. highlighted section.
Ctrl+1Changes the format of
the selected cells.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Ctrl+5Puts a strikethrough all symbols.
cells in the highlighted Ctrl+9Hides rows.
section. Ctrl+0Hides columns.
Ctrl+6Shows or hides Ctrl+Shift+:Enters the
objects. current time.
Ctrl+7Shows or hides Ctrl+;Enters the current date.
the toolbar.
Ctrl+8Toggles the outline
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Ctrl+`Changes between column or row.
displaying cell values or Ctrl+Shift+~Switches between
formulas in the worksheet. showing Excel formulas or
Ctrl+'Copies a formula from the their values in cells.
cell above. Ctrl+Shift+@Applies time
Ctrl+Shift+"Copies value from formatting.
cell above. Ctrl+Shift+!Applies comma
Ctrl+-Deletes the selected formatting.
column or row.
Ctrl+Shift+=Inserts a new
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Ctrl+Shift+$Applies currency Ctrl+Shift+*Selects the
formatting. current region around the
Ctrl+Shift+#Applies date active cell.
formatting. Ctrl+Shift+&Places border
Ctrl+Shift+%Applies around selected cells.
percentage formatting. Ctrl+Shift+_ Removes a
Ctrl+Shift+^Applies border.
exponential formatting.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Ctrl++Insert. match the formula in the
Ctrl+-Delete. active cell.
Ctrl+Shift+(Unhide rows. Ctrl+[Selects all cells
Ctrl+Shift+)Unhide columns. referenced by formulas in
the highlighted section.
Ctrl+/Selects the array Ctrl+]Selects cells that
containing the active cell. contain formulas that
Ctrl+\Selects the cells that reference the active cell.
have a static value or don’t
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Ctrl+Shift+{Selects all cells the cells within a column
directly or indirectly that don’t match the
referenced by formulas in formula or static value in
the highlighted section. the active cell.
Ctrl+Shift+}Selects cells Ctrl+EnterFills the selected
which contain formulas that cells with the current entry.
directly or indirectly Ctrl+SpacebarSelects the
reference the active cell. entire column.
Ctrl+Shift+| (pipe)Selects
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Ctrl+Shift+SpacebarSelects previous workbook.
the entire worksheet. Ctrl+Shift+AInserts
Ctrl+HomeMove to cell A1. argument names into a
Ctrl+EndMove to last cell formula.
with text on the worksheet. Ctrl+Shift+FOpens the drop-
Ctrl+TabMove between Two down menu for fonts.
or more open Excel files.
Ctrl+Shift+TabActivates the
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Ctrl+Shift+OSelects all of the column, highlights all cells
cells that contain above that are selected.
comments. Shift+Page Down In a single
Ctrl+Shift+POpens the drop- column, highlights all cells
down menu for point size. above that are selected.
Shift+InsertPastes what is Shift+Home Highlights all
stored on the clipboard. text to the left of the cursor.
Shift+Page UpIn a single
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Shift+End Highlights all text highlighted area left one
to the right of the cursor. character.
Shift+Up Arrow Extends the Shift +Right Arrow Extends
highlighted area up one cell. the highlighted area right
Shift+Down Arrow Extends one character.
the highlighted area down Alt+Tab Cycles through
one cell. applications.
Shift+Left Arrow Extends the
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Alt+Spacebar Opens the Alt+= Creates a formula to
system menu. sum all of the above cells.
Alt+Backspace Undo. Alt+’Allows formatting on a
Alt+Enter While typing text dialog box.
in a cell, pressing Alt+Enter F1Opens the help menu.
moves to the next line, F2Edits the selected cell.
allowing for multiple lines F3After a name is created, F3
of text in one cell. will paste names.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
F4Repeats last action. For F7Spell check selected text
example, if you changed the or document.
color of text in another cell, F8Enters Extend Mode.
pressing F4 will change the F9Recalculates every
text in cell to the same workbook.
color.
F10Activates the menu bar.
F5Goes to a specific cell. For
example, C6. F11Creates a chart from
selected data.
F6Move to the next pane.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
F12Save As option. Shift+F6Move to previous
Shift+F1Opens the "What's pane.
This?" window. Shift+F8Add to selection.
Shift+F2Allows the user to Shift+F9Performs calculate
edit a cell comment. function on active sheet.
Shift+F3Opens the Ctrl+F3Open Excel Name
Excel formula window. Manager.
Shift+F5Brings up a search
box.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Ctrl+F4Closes current Ctrl+F9Minimize current
window. window.
Ctrl+F5Restores window size. Ctrl+F10Maximize currently
Ctrl+F6Next workbook. selected window.
Ctrl+Shift+F6Previous Ctrl+F11Inserts a macro
workbook. sheet.
Ctrl+F7Moves the window. Ctrl+F12Opens a file.
Ctrl+F8Resizes the window.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Ctrl+Shift+F3Creates names by Alt+F4Exits Excel.
using those of either row or Alt+F8Opens the macro dialog
column labels. box.
Ctrl+Shift+F6Moves to the Alt+F11Opens the Visual Basic
previous worksheet window. editor.
Ctrl+Shift+F12Prints the Alt+Shift+F1Creates a new
current worksheet. worksheet.
Alt+F1Inserts a chart. Alt+Shift+F2Saves the current
Alt+F2Save As option. worksheet
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Formulas
Seven Basic Excel Formulas For Your Workflow
1. SUM
The SUM function is the first must-know formula in Excel. It
usually aggregates values from a selection of columns or rows
from your selected range.
=SUM(number1, [number2], …)
Example:
=SUM(B2:G2) – A simple selection that sums the values of a
row.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
=SUM(A2:A8) – A simple selection that sums the values of
a column.
=SUM(A2:A7, A9, A12:A15) – A sophisticated collection
that sums values from range A2 to A7, skips A8, adds A9,
jumps A10 and A11, then finally adds from A12 to A15.
=SUM(A2:A8)/20 – Shows you can also turn your function
into a formula.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
MS EXCEL and SPSS
2. AVERAGE
The AVERAGE function should remind you of simple
averages of data such as the average number of
shareholders in a given shareholding pool.
=AVERAGE(number1, [number2], …)
Example:
=AVERAGE(B2:B11) – Shows a simple average, also similar
to (SUM(B2: B11)/10)
MS EXCEL and SPSS
MS EXCEL and SPSS
3. COUNT
The COUNT function counts all cells in a given range that
contain only numeric values.
=COUNT(value1, [value2], …)
Example:
COUNT(A:A) – Counts all values that are numerical in A
column. However, you must adjust the range inside the
formula to count rows.
COUNT(A1:C1) – Now it can count rows.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
MS EXCEL and SPSS
4. COUNTA
Like the COUNT function, COUNTA counts all cells in a given rage.
However, it counts all cells regardless of type. That is, unlike
COUNT that only counts numerics, it also counts dates, times,
strings, logical values, errors, empty string, or text.
=COUNTA(value1, [value2], …)
Example:
COUNTA(C2:C13) – Counts rows 2 to 13 in column C regardless of
type. However, like COUNT, you can’t use the same formula to
count rows. You must make an adjustment to the selection inside
the brackets – for example, COUNTA(C2:H2) will count columns C
to H
MS EXCEL and SPSS
MS EXCEL and SPSS
5. IF
The IF function is often used when you want to sort your data according to
a given logic. The best part of the IF formula is that you can embed
formulas and function in it.
=IF(logical_test, [value_if_true], [value_if_false])
Example:
=IF(C2<D3, ‘TRUE,’ ‘FALSE’) – Checks if the value at C3 is less than the value
at D3. If the logic is true, let the cell value be TRUE, else, FALSE
=IF(SUM(C1:C10) > SUM(D1:D10), SUM(C1:C10), SUM(D1:D10)) – An
example of a complex IF logic. First, it sums C1 to C10 and D1 to D10, then
it compares the sum. If the sum of C1 to C10 is greater than the sum of D1
to D10, then it makes the value of a cell equal to the sum of C1 to C10.
Otherwise, it makes it the SUM of C1 to C10.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
MS EXCEL and SPSS
6. TRIM
The TRIM function makes sure your functions do not return
errors due to unruly spaces. It ensures that all empty spaces
are eliminated. Unlike other functions that can operate on a
range of cells, TRIM only operates on a single cell. Therefore, it
comes with the downside of adding duplicated data in your
spreadsheet.
=TRIM(text)
Example:
TRIM(A2) – Removes empty spaces in the value in cell A2.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
MS EXCEL and SPSS
7. MAX & MIN
The MAX and MIN functions help in finding the maximum number and the
minimum number in a range of values.
=MIN(number1, [number2], …)
Example:
=MIN(B2:C11) – Finds the minimum number between column B from B2
and column C from C2 to row 11 in both column B and C.
=MAX(number1, [number2], …)
Example:
=MAX(B2:C11) – Similarly, it finds the maximum number between column
B from B2 and column C from C2 to row 11 in both column B and C.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
MS EXCEL and SPSS
SPSS
•SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), also
known as IBM SPSS Statistics, is a software package used
for the analysis of statistical data.
•Although the name of SPSS reflects its original use in the
field of social sciences, its use has since expanded into
other data markets. SPSS is commonly used in healthcare,
marketing and education researc
MS EXCEL and SPSS
The types of data analyzed using SPSS is widely varied.
Common sources include survey results, organization
customer databases, Google Analytics, scientific research
results and server log files. SPSS supports both analysis
and modification of many kinds of data and almost all
formats of structured data. The software supports
spreadsheets, plain text files and relational
databases such as SQL, SATA and SAS.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
•SPSS provides data analysis for descriptive and bivariate
statistics, numeral outcome predictions and predictions for
identifying groups. The software also provides data
transformation, graphing and direct marketing features.
•The software interface displays open data similarly to a
spreadsheet in its main view. With its secondary variable view,
the metadata that describes the variables and data entries
present in the data file are displayed.
•The software package was created in 1968 by SPSS Inc. and
was acquired by IBM in 2009. While the software was
renamed to IBM SPSS Statistics, it is still commonly referred to
as just SPSS.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Parts or Components of SPSS
•The outputs created by the program are displayed in the
“SPSS (PASW) Statistics Viewer”. By default, all outputs
including command syntax used during the analysis,
output tables, charts, notes and the activity logs during
the session are recorded in the Viewer. Users are allowed
to determine which output items they wish to display or
hide in the viewer. These options can be set through the
‘Viewer’ tab in the ‘Options’ sub-menu of the ‘Edit’
menu.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
MS EXCEL and SPSS
MS EXCEL and SPSS
MS EXCEL and SPSS
MS EXCEL and SPSS
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Uses of SPSS
Data Collection and Organization
SPSS is often used as a data collection tool by researchers.
The data entry screen in SPSS looks much like any other
spreadsheet software. You can enter variables and quantitative
data and save the file as a data file. Furthermore, you can
organize your data in SPSS by assigning properties to different
variables. For example, you can designate a variable as a
nominal variable, and that information is stored in SPSS. The
next time you access the data file, which could be weeks,
months or even years, you'll be able to see exactly how your
data is organized.
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Data Output
Once data is collected and entered into the data sheet in
SPSS, you can create an output file from the data. For example,
you can create frequency distributions of your data to
determine whether your data set is normally distributed. The
frequency distribution is displayed in an output file. You can
export items from the output file and place them into a
research article you're writing. Therefore, instead of recreating
a table or graph, you can take the table or graph directly from
the data output file from SPSS.
•VIDEO OF THE DAY
MS EXCEL and SPSS
Statistical Tests
The most obvious use for SPSS is to use the software to
run statistical tests. SPSS has all of the most widely used
statistical tests built-in to the software. Therefore, you
won't have to do any mathematical equations by hand.
Once you run a statistical test, all associated outputs are
displayed in the data output file. You can also transform
your data by performing advanced statistical
transformations. This is especially useful for data that is
not normally distributed.
More Business Application
Presentation And Analysis Of Business Data
More Business Application- graphs and tables
Mrs. Torres shows the daily earning of he restaurant for
five days
Days Earnings
Monday 300
Tuesday 450
Wednesday 2oo
Thursday 400
Friday 700
First construct a line graph for the frequency table
Series 1
800
700
600
500
400
Series 1
300
200
100
0
Monday tuesdy wednesdat Thursday Friday
a. On w/c days were the earnings above

$400?
-Tuesday and Friday
60
50
40
30 1995
2000
20
10
0
lipsticks nail enamels talcum powder shampoos conditioners
The sales of lipsticks in 2000 was by what percent more
than the sales of nail enamels in 2000?
a. 33%
b. 31%
c. 28%
d. 22%
Answer: C
References
Presentation And Analysis Of Business Data
References- Website
Business Data
https://www.nextiva.com/blog/5-steps-to-gather-and-use-big-data-in-your-
business.html?fbclid=IwAR1Ra5cj0VyxgeGgz-mLXWp2MN49MKmXGig5YVpXpfNHFzUb46irXKex_5Q
http://www.evaluatod.org/assets/resources/evaluation-guides/analyzing-interpretingdata-8-09.pdf
Graphs and tables
Test of significance
References- Website
Variability
https://stattrek.com/descriptive-
statistics/variability.aspx?fbclid=IwAR3SOcIYlVJe2Zs1al_7xc6MVkGEiMYLCeFW9C_r54PmheH22I-
L6YJLTkA
MS EXCEL and SPSS
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/excel/study/basic-excel-formulas-beginners/
https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/excelxp/identifying-basic-parts-of-the-excel-window/print/
https://www.computerhope.com/shortcut/excel.htm
https://bizfluent.com/uses-spss-software-6536198.html
http://www5.unescobkk.org/education/efatraining/module-b2/3-basic-components-of-spss-statistics/
References-Book
Business Data

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Presentation and analysis of

g. Describe the essential part of the graph.

Presentation and Analysis of business Data

•Raw data- is the data collected in original form

• Interval- is the distance between the class lower

• Midpoint- is the point halfway between the class limits

1. Use efficient systems to gather data.

•Review and clean data to make sure everything is

•Identify the appropriate statistics for each key question –

Class limit Frequency midpoint Cf

The difference of the highest value and the lowest

Maximum value-minimum value

-it is a graph that displays the data using points

Step 1: Find the mid point of each class

1. Create a frequency polygon

-it is a graph in which the classes are

Step 1: Find the mid point of each class

Class limits Frequency

Class limits Frequency Midpoint

1. Between w/c 2 moths was the decrease in

2. In which months was the stock price

•To show numbers that are independent of

A pie chart (or a circle chart) is a circular statistical

•Pie chart are used to show

Pie-chart shows the proportions of pets in a pet store. If

1.The Title- The title is the main

3. The Stub Entries-The horizontal

4. The Body- the main part of the table

5. The Prefatory notes- As the

6. The Foot notes- As usual it appears

1.A set of data has only one mean

1. The daily wages of the 8 employees at

Therefore; the sample mean of the daily

2. Find the population mean of the

Therefore, the mean population of ages of

1. Determine the mean of the price of the

Class limits Frequency (f)

2. Determine the mean of

1. A restaurant in Marquee mall charge ₱230, ₱180 , ₱190,

Since the middle point falls between 5 and 6, we can

Therefore , the median of the

Step 2: select the middle rank value.

Since the middle point falls between 4 and 5, we can

Therefore, the median is 17.

1. A book collector list down the

The median is 156.75. observe that the median will fall

2. Mr.Kim, the manager of a soy

The median is 68.10. observe that the median will fall

1.The mode is found by locating the

1. The owner of the cafe universe conduct a research

The ordered array for the data is

2. The price of different brand of electric

The range is the difference

1. A company owned a six local outlets. The percent of the

Range = highest value- lowest value

2. A sale manager would like to see each of his sales

Range= highest value - lowest value