Chapter 4 Learning From Others and Reviewing The Literature

PRACTICAL
RESEARCH -1
Learning from Others
and
Reviewing the Literature
CONTENT :
Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature
PERFORMANCE STANDARD :
The learner is able to:
1. select, cite, and synthesize properly related literature
2. use sources according to ethical standards
3. present written review of related literature
CONTENT STANDARD LEARNING COMPETENCIES CODE
The learner:
The learner demonstrates
understanding of: 1. selects relevant literature CS_RS11-IIIf-j-1
2. cites related literature using standard
1. the criteria in selecting, style (APA, MLA or Chicago Manual of CS_RS11-IIIf-j-2
citing, and synthesizing Style)
related literature 3. synthesizes information from relevant
literature CS_RS11-IIIf-j-3
2. ethical standards in 4. writes coherent review of literature CS_RS11-IIIf-j-4
writing related literature 5. follows ethical standards in writing
related literature CS_RS11-IIIf-j-5
6. presents written review of literature CS_RS11-IIIf-j-6
Galvez-Felimon ■ West Visayas State University

Learning Objectives
The learners shall be able to:
Select relevant literature
Cite related literature using standard style
(APA, MLA or Chicago Manual of Style)
Synthesize information from relevant
literature
Write coherent review of literature
Follow ethical standards in writing related
literature
Present written review of literature
- Richard Bach
GATHERING and using
OTHER’S IDEA doesn’t mean
that the RESEARCHER cannot
use his own or come up with
SOMETHING NEW.
NEW IDEAS tend to come
out of what others have
ATTEMPTED.
Literature review
- helps researchers learn
what others have written
about a topic. It also lets
researchers see the
results of other, related
studies.
SELECTING RELEVANT
LITERATURE
The RESEARCHER should:
Select the BEST SOURCE to include in a
LITERATURE REVIEW.
Select a RELEVANT, REPRESENTATIVE and
current materials to be used.(ACADEMIC or
PEER reviewed sources are generally
preferred)
Stay FOCUSED on the PURPOSES of the
literature review.
There is no MAGIC
NUMBER regarding how many
SOURCES a RESEARCHER is
going to need for his literature
review, it all depends on the
topic and what type of the
literature review he is doing.
1.Is he working on an
emerging topic? He not
likely to find many sources,
which is good because he is
trying to prove that this is a
topic that needs more
research
2.Is he working on something that
has been studied extensively? Then
he is going to find many sources
and he will want to limit how far
he wants to look back. Use limiters
to eliminate research that may be
dated and opt to search for
resources published within the last
5 years.
3.Consult with a research
librarian to identify key
terms, subject, heading,
and descriptors.
SEARCHING FOR
SOURCES OF
RELEVANT
LITERATURE
SEARCHING FOR SOURCES OF
RELEVANT LITERATURE
The term “SOURCES” refer

to print, electronic or visual
materials necessary for
research.
SEARCHING FOR SOURCES OF
RELEVANT LITERATURE
 Searching for literature is quite
easy these days. Today , much
information is available
ELECTRONICALLY, and a
researcher can obtain literature just
about anytime and any where.
THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION:
Library
A student researcher will be exposed to
search engines and databases and
procedures for accessing or requesting
books, journal articles, and reports
that relate to his topic.
LIBRARY
WORLD WIDE WEB
Although information is also widely
available through WWW, not every
site offers credible information. A
researcher can learn from the library
about criteria to evaluate the
legitimacy of information.
WORLD WIDE WEB
Internet meaning to “Google it”
There are useful online tools that a researcher
may use, like google
scholar(www.googlescholar.com) which a
subset of Google that covers journal articles,
thesis, books, and abstracts. This site has
access to professional journal listing , and
sometimes, the article can be downloaded in
full text.
GOOGLE SCHOLAR
DATABASE
- A better idea is to use databases.
These are available through the Library
in paper and electronic (usually online)
forms.
DATABASE
REVIEW OF THE
RELEVANT
LITERATURE
COMPONENT
REVIEW OF THE RELEVANT
LITERATURE COMPONENET
The review of the relevant literature
component of full research papers is
precisely a wide- ranging review of
what all known secondary sources
currently say about a given topic, as
the foundation for the new
information the researcher plans to
provide in his research.
Understanding Primary & Secondary Sources
Secondary sources are thus works
written on the topic in question by
other researchers whose works has
been based on primary sources after
consultation with the secondary
sources on the topic which had
existed at the time.
SECONDARY SOURCE
 are accounts of events which were
created well after the event occurred.
Secondary Source based on Primary
Source. They are usually studies which
analyse, evaluate, evaluate, interpret, or
criticize primary source. By assessing,
repackaging, and distributing
information, secondary sources make
the information more accessible.
SECONDARY SOURCE
(SECOND- HAND INFORMATION)
SECONDARY SOURCE
(SECOND- HAND INFORMATION)
PRIMARY SOURCE
 are usually original records which were
created at the time an historical event
occurred. Primary sources are original
material from the field the researcher is
studying, interviews with persons involved
in the field, speeches and lectures which
they delivered, diaries they kept, and other
similar materials.
PRIMARY SOURCE
(FIRST- HAND INFORMATION)
PRIMARY SOURCE
(FIRST- HAND INFORMATION)
PS VS. SS
CITING is acknowledging within
the researcher's text the document from
which he has obtained information.
BIBLIOGRAPHY is the list of
publications the researcher has
consulted. REFERENCE is the detailed
description of the document from which
he has obtained the information
Honest and professional citation of references
provides part of the framework for sound
written research:
1. because the researcher must acknowledge
the sources he has used to establish his
arguments and criticisms.
2. the references enable other people to
identify and trace the sources the researcher
has used for his ideas.
3. and it helps avoid charges of plagiarism
because it makes clear when he is using
someone else’s ideas and words.
There are two Principal
Components to Citing References:
1. The way the researcher knowledge,
cite the source in his text
2. The way he list his sources at the
end of his work to enable
identification, i.e. the bibliography
(or reference list)
Citations have the same three
elements regardless of source:
1. AUTHOR
2. PUBLICATION YEAR
3. PAGE OR PARAGRAPH NUMBER
CITATION GENERATORS
• There are tools that can assist a researcher
in creating citations and footnotes or
bibliographies at the end of his study.
Simply enter or import the citation data,
choose a citation style, and the tool
generates the citation for him.
CITATION GENERATORS
• The online tools are limited. They often
only generate citations for the most
commonly used resources, such as books
and articles. They may not have an option,
or generate an incorrect citation, for
infrequently used formats, like videos,
conference papers or interviews.
CITATION GENERATORS
• The researcher needs to be aware of what
edition of the style guide is used by the
tool. Some tools have not updated to the
latest version. They can generate outdated
citations. The researcher must always verify
what is generated for him with the latest
edition of the style guide.
Here are some
citation generators:
 http://www.citationmachine.net/
Here are some
 http://writinghouse.org/
Here are some
 http://www.citethisforme.com/
Here are some
 http://www.refme.com/citation-
generator/apa/
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION (APA)
 is most frequently used within the social
sciences, in order to cite various sources.
This APA Citation Guide, revised according
to the 6th edition of the APA manual,
provides the general format for in- text
citations and the reference page.
AUTHORS
 ONE AUTHOR
In most cases, providing the author’s last
name and the publication year are sufficient:
Serrano (2016) compared reaction times..
Within a paragraph, the researcher need
not include the year in subsequent references..
Serrano (2016) compared reaction times. Serrano
also found that…
AUTHORS
 TWO AUTHORS
If there are two authors, include the last
name of each and the publication year:
…as Serrano and Imperial (2016) demonstrated…
…as has been shown (Serrano and Imperial,
2016)
AUTHORS
 3-5 AUTHORS
If there are 3-5 authors, cite all authors the
first time; in subsequent citations, include only
the last name of the first author followed by “et
al.” and the year:
Serrano, Imperial, Ong, Camilar, and Ortiz
(2016)) found..
Serrano et al. (2016) also notice that…s
AUTHORS
 CORPORATE AUTHORS
The name of groups that serve as authors(e.g.
corporations, associations, government agencies,
and study groups) are usually spelled out each time
they appear in a text citation. If it will not cause
confusion for the reader, name may be abbreviated
thereafter:
First Citation: (World Health Organization [WHO],
2016)
Second Citation: (WHO, 2016)
Citing Specific Parts
(Pages, Sections, and Paragraphs)
To cite specific part of a source,
indicate the page, chapter, figure, table
or equation at the appropriate point in
the text:
(Serrano & Camilar, 2016, p. 10)
(Serrano, 2016, Chapter 3)
For electronic sources that do not provide
page numbers, use the paragraph number,
if available, preceded by the ¶ symbol or
abbreviation para . If neither is visible, cite
the heading and the number of the
paragraph following it to direct the reader
to the quoted material.
(Serrano, 2016, ¶ 5)
(Serrano, 2016, Conclusion section, para. 1)
For electronic sources such as Web pages,
provide a reference to the author, the year
and the page number(if it is a PDF
document), the paragraph number if
visible or a heading followed by the
paragraph number.
“The current system of managed care and
the current approach to defining empirically
supported treatments are short-sighted”
(Serrano, 2016, Conclusion section, ¶ 1)
INDIRECT CITATIONS
• When citing a work which is discussed in
another work, include the original
author’s name in an explanatory sentence,
and then include the source the
researcher actually consulted in his
parenthetical reference and in his
reference list.
– Serrano argued that…( as cited in Camilar,
2016)
QUOTATIONS
• 1. DIRECT QUOTATION OF SOURCES
– Allow the researcher to acknowledge a
source within his text by providing a
reference to exactly where in that source
he found the information. The reader
can then follow up on the complete
reference in the Reference List page at
the end of his research paper.
QUOTATIONS
• 1. SHORT DIRECT QUOTATION
– Quotation of less than 40 words should
be incorporated in the text and
enclosed with double quotation marks.
Provide the author, publication year and
a page number.
QUOTATIONS
• 1. SHORT DIRECT QUOTATION
• He stated, “ The ‘placebo,’… disappeared when
behaviours were studied in this manner”
(Serrano, 2016, p. 143), but he did not clarify
which behaviours were studied.
• Serrano (2016) found that “the ‘placebo,’ which

had been verified in previous studies,
disappeared when [only the first group’s]
behaviours were studied in this manner” (p. 143).
QUOTATIONS
• 1. LONG DIRECT QUOTATION
–When making a quotation of more
than 40 words, use a free standing
“block quotation” on a new line,
indented five spaces and omit
quotation marks.
QUOTATIONS
• 1. LONG DIRECT QUOTATION
– Serrano (2016) found the following:
The “placebo effect,” which had been
verified in previous studies, disappeared
when behaviours were studied in this
manners. Furthermore, the behaviours were
never exhibited, even when reel [sic] drugs
were administered. Earlier studies were
clearly premature in attributing the results
to a placebo effect. (p. 143)
MODERN LANGUAGE
ASSOCIATION(MLA)
Allows the RESEARCHER to
acknowledge a source within his text
by providing a reference to exactly
where in that source he found the
information. The reader can then
follow up on the complete reference
listed on the Work Cited Page at the
end of his research paper.
MODERN LANGUAGE
ASSOCIATION(MLA)
In most cases, providing the author’s
last name and a page number are
sufficient.
In response to rapid metropolitan
expansion, urban renewal project sought “
an order in which more significant kinds of
conflict, more complex and intellectually
stimulating kinds of disharmony, may take
place” (Serrano 143).
MODERN LANGUAGE
ASSOCIATION(MLA)
If there are two or three authors,
include the last name of each:
(Serrano and Camilar 143)
(Serrano, Camilar, and Ong 143- 153)
MODERN LANGUAGE
ASSOCIATION(MLA)
If there are more than three authors,
include the last name of the first
author followed by “et al.” without any
intervening punctuation.
(Serrano et al. 306)
MODERN LANGUAGE
ASSOCIATION(MLA)
If the author is mentioned in the text,
only the page reference needs to be
inserted.
According to Serrano, broadcast news
influences the decision making process (51-63)
MODERN LANGUAGE
ASSOCIATION(MLA)
 If there is no author, as is the case with some
web pages, include either the whole title of
the work in the text or use a shortened form
of the title in parenthesis, using the first
words of the title. Italicize the titles of books
and place the titles of articles in quotation
marks:
Voice of the People has many opinions
about the election.
MODERN LANGUAGE
ASSOCIATION(MLA)
 If there are no page numbers in your source,
as is the case with some web pages, you can
indicate the section or paragraph number in
your parenthetical reference. If there are no
such reference marks, do not include them in
your reference. Do not count unnumbered
paragraphs:
Serrano argues that “ Aquino has lowered
his defences” (par. 29)
MODERN LANGUAGE
ASSOCIATION(MLA)
 When citing a quotation which is cited in
another source you actually consulted in your
parenthetical reference and in your works
cited. Use the abbreviation qtd. in to indicate
that the information has been quoted in
another source:
Serrano admitted that there was “work to
be done” (qtd. in Camilar 143).
Chicago/ Turabian Style
– In the parenthetical reference system
recommended in this guide, researcher’s/
authors’ names, date of publication and
page number(S) are given in parentheses
within the running text or at the end of
block quotations, and correspond to a list
of works cited is placed at the end of the
paper.
Parenthetical reference
following a quotation
(example):
The colour blue became more
prominent in the eighteenth
century (Serrano 2016, 143)
Parenthetical reference within a
sentence (example):
While one school claims that
“material culture may be the most
objective source of information we
have concerning Philippines’ past”
(Serrano 2016, 143), others disagree.
Parenthetical reference when
the author is mentioned in
the sentence (example):
Ong then describes the
occupation of Manila in great
detail (2016, 143-159).
CITATION STYLES: APA, MLA, AMA & TURABIAN
SYNTHESIZING INFORMATION
FROM RELEVANT LITERATURE
Synthesis is from the Greek. It means
putting together of something out of two or
more different sources. Synthesis in research
refers to analysing what the researcher has
learned from his information gathering and,
and constructing a coherent approach by
taking ideas from a number of sources and
putting them together to create something
new that meets the needs of the community
and population he is working with.
Synthesis is related to but
not the same as classification,
division, or comparison and
contrast. Synthesis searches for
links between materials for the
purpose of constructing a thesis
or theory.
Here are some key features of a synthesis:
1. It accurately reports information from the
sources using different phrases and
sentences;
2. It is organized in such a way that readers
can immediately see where the information
from the sources overlap;
3. It makes sense of the source and help the
reader understand them in greater depth.
WRITING COHERENT REVIEW
OF LITERATURE
The LITERATURE REVIEW explores the
research context and background of the
study in some detail. It focuses on the
finding of previous research and may also
examine theoretical issues and research
methodology. Depending on its scope, it
may occupy one or more chapters of the
research study.
OF LITERATURE
A LITERATURE REVIEW is more than a
summary of past research or an annotated
bibliography. It is a work of synthesis
which provides the context for the
researcher’s own investigations. Writing a
literature review also thinking skills to the
findings of past researchers, he is in a
better position to apply these same skills to
his own work.
OF LITERATURE
In his literature review, the researcher
should:
1. Clarify his understanding of the field
2. Explain the rationale for his research
3. Place his research within a broader
context
4. Evaluate the results of previous
research
OF LITERATURE
5. Define key concepts and ideas
6. Identify research in related areas that is
generalized of transferable to his topic
7. Identify relevant methodological issues
OF LITERATURE
• A GOOD LITERATURE review
sets out the gap in current
understanding. It seeks to
explain these reasons why
gaps persist.
OF LITERATURE
• REVIEWING THE LITERATURE
requires the ability to JUGGLE
MULTIPLE TASKS, from FINDING and
EVALUATING relevant material to
SYNTHESIZING information from
various sources, from CRITICAL
THINKING to PARAPHRASING,
EVALUATING, and CITATION SKILLS.
OF LITERATURE
A good literature review is a coherent
argument organized around key
contributions, themes, trends and
controversies. The literature review
summarize, synthesize, and critically
evaluates research, and identifies gaps and
inconsistence which provide the
justification for further research.
OF LITERATURE
A good literature review needs a
clear line of argument. The
researcher therefore needs to
use the critical notes and
comments he made whilst
doing his reading to express an
academic opinion.
OF LITERATURE
Make sure that:
1. The researcher includes a clear, short
introduction which gives an outline of
review, including the main topics
covered and the order of the arguments,
with a brief rationale for this.
OF LITERATURE
Make sure that:
2. There is always a clear link between the
researcher’s own arguments and the evidence
uncovered in his reading. Include a short
summary at the end of each section. Use
quotations if appropriate.
3. He must always acknowledge opinions
which do not agree with his study. If he
ignores opposing viewpoints, his argument
will in fact be weaker.
OF LITERATURE
Make sure that:
4. The review must be written in a formal,
academic style. Keep writing clear and
concise, avoiding colloquialism and personal
language. The researcher should always aim to
be objective and respectful of other’s
opinions; this is not the place for emotive
language or strong personal opinions. If he
thought something wrong rubbish, use words
such as “inconsistent”, “lacking in certain
areas” or “based on false assumptions”
OF LITERATURE
Make sure that:
5. When introducing someone’s opinion, don’t
use “says”, but instead an appropriate verb
which more accurately reflects this viewpoint,
such as “argues”, “claims” or “states”. Use the
present tense for general opinion and
theories, or the past when referring to specific
research or experiments:
OF LITERATURE
Make sure that:
6. The researcher must remember at all times
to avoid plagiarizing sources. He should
always separate his source opinions from his
own idea. He must be sure to consistently
reference the literature he is referring to.
When he is doing his reading and making
notes, it might be an idea to use different
colours to distinguished between his ideas
and those of others.
A literature review is a piece of
discursive prose, not a list
describing or summarizing one
piece of literature after another.
A research is not trying to list all
the material published, but to
synthesize and evaluate it
according to the guiding concept of
his research question.
ETHICAL STANDARD IN
WRITING RELATED
LITERATURE
Related Literature
Copy + paste Analytic process
Use your notes to find common themes

ETHICAL STANDARD IN
WRITING RELATED LITERATURE
• PLAGIARISM is a complex
thing in research and it is hard
to define it in a few sentences.
It can be viewed as the
STEALING of another person’s
ideas, methods, results or
words without giving due
acknowledgement or citation.
ETHICAL STANDARD IN
• The work already publish by a
researcher becomes a property
in actual sense and cannot be
duplicated. Hence, researchers
are supposed to cite directly
related previous work in proper
approach.
ETHICAL STANDARD IN
• PLAGIARISM also includes the use of
sentence/s from published literature
with slight modification in word
structure without citing. One must be
aware of the fact that using published
photos or images without written
permission is also considered as
PLAGIARISM.
The RESEARCHER can keep committing
plagiarism and improve the quality of the
research paper by these pointers:
1.Even if it is a protocol of a study always provide
enough time for writing.
2.Make sure to gather hard copies of all the
relevant references.
3.Carefully read all the references and underline
vital areas.
4. While using ideas of others place adequate
credit.
5. Lines with details based on fact are to be
referenced
6.Reconfirm and decide about suitability of
inserting references.
7.Take written permission for figures copied from
other sources.
8.The researcher must put in writing all the text
by himself in his own words.
9. While writing never use copy and paste. The
researcher can seek the assistance of a typist if he
is not good at typing.
10.Make certain that the researcher has
organized all the files, figures and
references according to the journal’s
instructions prior to submitting a
research study.
How to Avoid PLAGIARISM
PLAGIARISM
(A Rap Song)
Example of Video Plagiarism
PRESENTING WRITTEN REVIEW
OF LITERATURE
• The STRUCTURE of the literature
review is important in allowing the
reader to follow train of thought of
the researcher.
• The STRUCTURE is also essential in
deciding how the review of literature
will contribute toward future
research.
OF LITERATURE
• A literature review is like any other paper in which an
introduction, a main body and a conclusion are
required.
 In the Introduction Part
1. Define the topic, giving a proper background for
reviewing the literature.
2. Establish researcher’s reasons or point of view for
reviewing the literature.
3. Give explanation on the organisation of the
review or the sequence
4. State what literature is and is not included (scope)
OF LITERATURE
In the body component:
1.Cluster the literature based on common
themes
2.Give insight into relationship between
central topic and a larger discipline
3.Proceed from the general, wider analysis of
the research under review to the particular
problem.
OF LITERATURE
In the Conclusion:
1. Sum up major contributions of the
literature
2. Appraise the current modern literature
reviewed
3. Identify any most important flaws, or gaps
in research
4. Sketch out issues relevant to future
study
INTRODUCTION and RESEARCH RATIONALE
Difference between
ABSTRACT and INTRODUCTION
Ways to Organize Literature
Review
Here are ways to Organize the Literature
Review:
1.Chronological of events- using chronological
method, the researcher could write a review
about the materials based on the date when
they were published. This approach should
only be used if a obvious trail of research can
be pinpointed and that these trends follow a
clear chronological order of development.
Review
Here are ways to Organize the
Literature Review:
2. By Publication- the researcher could
order source by publication chronology,
then, only if the order demonstrates a
more important trend.
Review
Literature Review:
3.Thematic or conceptual categories-
thematic reviews of literature are
structure about a topic or issue, instead
of the progression time. Still, progression
of time may still be an essential factor in
a thematic review.
Review
Literature Review:
4. Methodological-a methodological
approach centres on the method utilized
by the researcher. A methodological
scope will influence either the types of
documents are discussed.
Once the researcher has settled on how to
organize his literature review, he is ready to
write each section. When writing the
literature review, keep in mind these issues.
1. Use evidence- in a research review the
interpretation of the available sources
must be backed up with evidence
(citations) that demonstrates that what the
researcher is saying is valid.
2. Be selective- Select only the most
important point in each source to highlight
in the review.
3. Use quotes sparingly- some short quotes are
okay if the researcher wants to emphasize a
point, or if what an author stated cannot be
easily paraphrased. Sometimes he may need
to quote certain terminology that was coined
by the author, not common knowledge, or
taken directly from the study. The researcher
must not use extensive quotes as substitute
for his own summary and interpretation.
4. Summarize and synthesize- the researcher
should remember to summarize and
synthesize his sources within each thematic
paragraph as well as throughout the review.
He must run through important features of a
research study, but then synthesize it by
rephrasing the study’s significance and
relating it to his own work.
5. Keep own voice- while the literature review
presents other’s ideas, the voice of the
researcher should remain front and center.
6. Use caution when paraphrasing- when
paraphrasing a source that is not owned by
the researcher, he must make sure to present
the author’s information or opinion
accurately and in his own words. Even when
paraphrasing an author’s work, he still must
provide a citation to that work.
1. Which of the following is the minimum
number of words for In Block citation?
A. 20
B. 40
C. 60

2. Which of the following is an example
of a direct quotation from a work done
by Felimon (2014)?
A. “Art is not governed by rules.”
(Felimon, 2014)
B. “Art is not governed by rules”
(Felimon, 2014, p. 12).
C. Art is not governed by rules,
Felimon (2014).

3. Which of the following is an example of a
parenthetical citation from the work done by Serrano
(2016) pg. 143?
A. The colour blue became more prominent in the

eighteenth century (Serrano 2016, 143)
B. (Serrano 2016, 143) The colour blue became
more prominent in the eighteenth century.
C. (Serrano, 143) The colour blue became more
prominent in the eighteenth century.(2016)

4. Jean would like to cite the work of
Walker, Palma, Go, and Gil in page
153. Which of the following is the
appropriate citation in MLA Citation?
A. Walker, Palma, Go, and Gil (153)
B. Walker, et. al. (153)
C. (Walker, et al. 153)

5. Sam would like to cite the quote of
Serrano and Camilar in page 143.
Which of the following is the
appropriate citation in text after the
first citation?
A. (Serrano and Camilar) 143
B. (Serrano and Camilar 143)
C. (Serrano, et al. 143)

ANSWER KEYS

1. Which of the following is the minimum
number of words for In Block citation?
A. 20
B. 40
C. 60

1.) B. 40
LONG DIRECT QUOTATION

When making a quotation of
more than 40 words, use a free
standing “block quotation” on a
new line, indented five spaces
and omit quotation marks.

2. Which of the following is an example
of a direct quotation from a work done
by Felimon (2014)?
A. “Art is not governed by rules.”
(Felimon, 2014)
B. “Art is not governed by rules”
(Felimon, 2014, p. 12).
C. Art is not governed by rules,
Felimon (2014).

2.) B. “Art is not governed by rules”
(Felimon, 2014, p. 12).
SHORT DIRECT QUOTATION
– Quotation of less than 40 words should
be incorporated in the text and enclosed
with double quotation marks. Provide
the author, publication year and a page
number.

3. Which of the following is an example of a
parenthetical citation from the work done by Serrano
(2016) pg. 143?
A. The colour blue became more prominent in the

eighteenth century (Serrano 2016, 143)
B. (Serrano 2016, 143) The colour blue became
more prominent in the eighteenth century.
C. (Serrano, 143) The colour blue became more
prominent in the eighteenth century.(2016)

3.) A. The colour blue became more prominent in
the eighteenth century (Serrano 2016, 143)

– In the parenthetical reference system
recommended in this guide, researcher’s/
authors’ names, date of publication and page
number(S) are given in parentheses within
the running text or at the end of block
quotations, and correspond to a list of works
cited is placed at the end of the paper.
4. Jean would like to cite the work of
Walker, Palma, Go, and Gil in page
153. Which of the following is the
appropriate citation in MLA Citation?
A. Walker, Palma, Go, and Gil (153)
B. Walker, et. al. (153)
C. (Walker, et al. 153)

4.) C. (Walker, et al. 153)
MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION(MLA)
If there are more than three authors,

include the last name of the first
author followed by “et al.” without any
intervening punctuation.
(Serrano, et al. 306)

5. Sam would like to cite the quote of
Serrano and Camilar in page 143.
Which of the following is the
appropriate citation in text after the
first citation?
A. (Serrano and Camilar) 143
B. (Serrano and Camilar 143)
C. (Serrano, et al. 143)

5.) B. (Serrano and Camilar 143)
MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION(MLA)
If there are two or three authors,

include the last name of each.
Providing the author’s last name and
a page number are sufficient:
(Serrano and Camilar 143)
(Serrano, Camilar, and Ong 143- 153)
•Thank you!
 From Group 4

Chapter 4 Learning From Others and Reviewing The Literature

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PRACTICAL

Galvez-Felimon ■ West Visayas State University

The term “SOURCES” refer

• Serrano (2016) found that “the ‘placebo,’ which

Copy + paste Analytic process

Use your notes to find common themes

Galvez-Felimon ■ West Visayas State University

Galvez-Felimon ■ West Visayas State University

Galvez-Felimon ■ West Visayas State University

A. The colour blue became more prominent in the

Galvez-Felimon ■ West Visayas State University

Galvez-Felimon ■ West Visayas State University

Galvez-Felimon ■ West Visayas State University

Galvez-Felimon ■ West Visayas State University

Galvez-Felimon ■ West Visayas State University

LONG DIRECT QUOTATION

Galvez-Felimon ■ West Visayas State University

Galvez-Felimon ■ West Visayas State University

Galvez-Felimon ■ West Visayas State University

A. The colour blue became more prominent in the

Galvez-Felimon ■ West Visayas State University

Chicago/ Turabian Style

Galvez-Felimon ■ West Visayas State University

MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION(MLA)

If there are more than three authors,

Galvez-Felimon ■ West Visayas State University

Galvez-Felimon ■ West Visayas State University

MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION(MLA)

If there are two or three authors,

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