METABOLISM

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 To give an overview of metabolism
for proteins, carbohydrates, fats &
lipids
 To explain the reaction of antagonist
hormone in regulating glucose level

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LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this lecture, students should
be able to:
 Define metabolism, anabolism &
catabolism
 Explain in general the metabolism of
proteins, carbohydrates, fats & lipids
 Explain the regulation of blood glucose
by insulin, glucagon & epinephrine

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 TOPIC
 What is metabolism
 Anabolism
 Catabolism
 Overview of metabolism from different sources
of carbon
 Intermediary metabolism during
 Full fasting, starvations, exercises, diabetes
mellitus, obesity & stress
 Regulation of blood glucose levels by insulin,
glucagons & epinephrine
 Brief introduction of insulin
 Causes of elevated blood glucose level

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 METABOLISM
 Refers to the physical & chemical processes
that occur inside the cells of the body and
that maintain life.
 These processes allow organisms to grow
and reproduce, maintain their structures,
and respond to their environments
 Consists of
 Anabolism (the constructive phase)
 Catabolism (the destructive phase)

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 METABOLISM
 Anabolism: use energy to construct
components of cells such as protein &
nucleic acid

 Catabolism :breaks down large

molecules (eg: to harvest energy in
cellular respiration)

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 ANABOLISM
 A set of constructive metabolic
processes where the energy released
by catabolism is used to synthesize
complex molecules
 In general, the complex molecules
that make up cellular structures are
constructed step-by-step from small
and simple precursors

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 ANABOLISM
 Anabolism involves 3 basic stages:
 First: Production of precursors such as
amino acids, monosaccharides, isoprenoids
& nucleotides.

 Second: Their activation into reactive forms

using energy from ATP.

 Third: The assembly of these precursors

into complex molecules such as protein,
polysaccharides, lipids & nucleic acids

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 CATABOLISM
 A set of metabolic processes that
break down large molecules into
small molecules or basic unit.
 These include breaking down &
oxidising food molecules.
 Purpose: to provide the energy &
components needed by anabolic
reactions

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PROTEIN METABOLISM
 Protein contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen &
nitrogen
 Functions:
 Form the cellular structural elements
 Biochemical catalysts
 Important regulators of gene expression.
 Digestion breaks protein down to amino acids
 Amino acids: a terminal carboxyl group & an
amino group in the alpha position & connected
by peptide bonds

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PROTEIN METABOLISM
 Excess amino acid, it is metabolized into
glycogen or fat & used for energy
metabolism
 If amino acids are to be used for energy,
their carbon skeletons are converted to
acetyl CoA, which enters the Krebs Cycle
for oxidation, producing ATP
 Final products of protein catabolism are
carbon dioxide, water, ATP, urea, and
ammonia.
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