Intro To Steel Bridge Design

Introduction to Steel Bridge
Design
Written by
Anna Teague, PE
Joanne Shaner, PE
Domenic Coletti, PE
HDR, Inc.
2016
1
Outline
• Introduction to Bridge Engineering
– Bridge Nomenclature
– Types of Bridges
– Girder Bridge Superstructures
– Substructures
– Bridge Plan Set Organization and Content
– I-Girder Bridge Framing Plans
– Analysis Methods
– Design Codes
2
Bridge Nomenclature
3
Main Elements of a Bridge
Superstructure
Substructure
Foundation
4
Superstructure
• Everything Above the Substructure
5
Superstructure
• Everything Above the Substructure
– Barriers, Medians, Sidewalks
– Wearing Surfaces
– Deck
– Deck Forms
– Girders
– Cross Frames, Diaphragms, Lateral Bracing
– Bearings
6
Superstructure
Wearing Surface
Sidewalk
Median
Barrier
7
Superstructure
Deck Forms
Girder
Cross Frames
Bearing
8
Superstructure
Substructure
Foundation
9
Substructure
• Everything Below the Superstructure
and Above the Ground
– Abutments/End Bents
– Piers/Bents
– Pier/Bent Caps
– Columns
10
Substructure
Abutment/End Bent
Pier/Bent
11
Substructure
Pier Cap
Column
12
Superstructure
Substructure
Foundation
13
Foundations
• Everything Below the Ground
– Footings
• Pile Caps
• Spread Footings
– Drilled Shafts
– Piles
14
Foundations
Drilled Shaft
Spread Footing
15
Other Bridge Nomenclature
• Joints
• Approach Slab
• Slope Protection
• Wingwalls
16
Types of Bridges
17
Deck Arch
• Generally true arch
• Entire arch located
below the deck
• Generally used in
deep valleys with
steep walls
• May use half-through
arch to keep bearings
above high water
elevations
18
Through Arch
• Generally tied arch
• Often used when
underclearance is
limited
• Effective where deep
foundations are
required
• Above-deck portion of
half-through arch can
be a tied arch
19
Partial Through Arch
• Can be either true or
tied arch
20
Deck Truss
• Entire truss is below
the bridge deck
• Floorbeams frame
into top chord or rest
on top
• Truss spacing closer
than for through truss
– Reduces length/cost of
lateral bracing / sway
bracing systems
• Easier to widen in the
future
21
Through Truss
• Deck runs between
trusses close to
bottom chords
• Desirable when
vertical clearance is
limited
• Sidewalk can be
inside or outside
trusses
22
Partial Through Truss
• Similar constraints
to through trusses
• Truss type needs to
have vertical
members
• All sway bracing
stays below the
bridge deck
23
Cable Stayed Bridges
• Tall towers
• Stay cables carry
deck loads back to
towers
• Stay cables
attached to edge
girders
24
Suspension Bridges
• Main cables outside
the edges of deck
and draped over
towers in saddles
• Vertical cables
support deck at
relatively short
intervals
• Very light
superstructure
• Appropriate for
spans >3000’
25
Through Girder Bridges
• Main support
girders located
outside the deck
• Useful where
vertical clearance
is limited and
heavy loads are
anticipated
• Common
superstructure
type for Railroad
Bridges
26
Deck Girder Bridges
• Common superstructure type for highway
bridges
– Girder/Beam Bridges
– Floorbeam/Substringer Bridges
27
Deck Girder Bridges:
Girder/Beam Bridges
• Versatile shapes
and configurations
28
Deck Girder Bridges:
Floorbeam/Substringer Bridges
• Stiff systems
• Capable of
carrying heavy
loads
• Often used in
Railroad bridges
29
Girder Bridge
Superstructures
30
Barriers
31
Decks
• Provide lateral stiffness to the superstructure
32
Future Wearing Surfaces
• Provides a smooth riding surface on older/damaged
decks
33
Deck Forms
• Provides formwork for cast in place deck
• Can be stay in place or removable
34
I-Girders: Rolled Beams
• Efficient for shorter spans
• Limited sizes and shapes
35
I-Girders: Plate Girders
• Deep girders can span very long distances
• Vast range of sizes and shapes
36
Box Girders
• Box section efficiently resists torsion effects
• Vast range of sizes and shapes
37
Cross Frames
• Used on steel girder bridges to provide torsional stiffness
during construction and in the final condition
38
Diaphragms
• Similar to cross frames: provide torsional stiffness during
construction and in the final condition
• Typically used on shallow beams
39
Lateral Bracing
• Used to provide lateral stiffness and limit lateral deflections
40
Bearings
41
Bearings: Rocker Bearings
42
Bearings: Elastomeric Bearings
• Common and economical bearing
Elastomeric
Bearing
Beam Section at Bearing
Steel Reinforced Elastomeric Bearing
43
Bearings: Pot Bearings
• Allows for high loads, large movement, and moderate
rotations
Stainless Steel Slide

Plate with PTFE
Beveled Sole Plate
Guide Bar
Piston
Sealing Rings
Base Plate
Beam Section at Bearing Elastomeric Pad
44
Bearings: Disc Bearings
• Allows for high loads, large movement, and moderate
rotations
45
Bearings:
Disc and Pot Bearings
Disc Bearing Pot Bearing
46
Bearings: Disc Bearings
Guided Bearing Non- Guided Bearing
47
Bearings: Roller Bearings
• Accommodates heavy loads, large movement, and minimal
rotations
48
Substructures
49
Abutments
• Where the roadway ends and the bridge begins
50
Abutments
Independent Backwall Integral
51
Multicolumn Piers
• Pier cap supported by columns
52
Single Column Piers
• Aesthetically pleasing
53
Integral Piers
• Useful when vertical clearance constraints exist
54
Bridge Plan Set Organization
and Content
55
Plan and Elevation
56
Typical Section
57
Typical Section
58
Framing Plan
59
Framing Plan
60
Girder Elevation
61
Girder Elevation
62
Cross-Frame Details
63
Bearing Details
64
Bearing Details
65
I-Girder Bridge Framing Plans
• Framing Plans show identification,
geometry and arrangement of:
– Girders
– Cross-frames
– Supports (Abutments, Piers, Bearings)
– Field Splices
– Stiffeners
66
• Straight girders
67
• Straight girders Girder
Cross-Frame
Field Splice
Bearing Stiffener Intermediate Stiffener
68
• Straight girders
69
• Curved girders
70
• Curved girders Girder
Cross-Frame
Field Splice
Intermediate Stiffener
71
• Curved girders
72
• Radial / normal supports
73
Cross-Frame
Girder
Support
90 deg
74
75
• Skewed supports
76
Girder
Cross-Frame
• Skewed supports
Support
77
• Skewed supports
78
• Parallel girders
79
Girders
80
81
• Variable spacing girders
82
• Variable spacing girders Girders
83
84
85
• Variable spacing girders
86
• Bifurcated girders
87
88
89
90
91
Girders
Transfer Beam
Cross-Frame
92
93
• Contiguous cross-frames
94
Girder
Cross-Frames
Girder
Cross-Frames
95
96
• Staggered cross-frames
97
Girder
Cross-Frames
98
99
• Lateral bracing
100
Girder
Lateral Bracing
• Lateral bracing Cross-Frame
101
• Lateral bracing
102
Analysis Methods
• Line girder analysis (“1D”)
• Refined analysis (“2D” and “3D”)
103
Analysis Methods
• Line Girder Analysis
– Considers girder only
– No recognition of system behavior
– Appropriate for final design of simple bridges
– Appropriate for preliminary design and
validation of complex bridges, with caveats
104
Analysis Methods
• Refined analysis methods
– 2D Grid Analysis
– 2D Plate & Eccentric Beam Analysis
– 3D FEM Analysis
105
Analysis Methods
• 2D Grid Analysis
– Girders modeled as line elements
– Diaphragms modeled as line elements
– Deck modeled in strips as line elements
106
Analysis Methods
• 2D Plate & Eccentric Beam Analysis
– Variant of 2D grid analysis
– Deck modeled with plate or shell elements
107
Analysis Methods
• 3D FEM Analysis
– Flanges: beam or plate elements
– Webs: plate elements
– Diaphragms, bracing: truss or plate elements
– Deck: solid or plate elements
108
Analysis Methods
• Which should you use?
– “It depends…”
– Analysis method should be appropriate for the
complexity of the bridge
109
Design Codes
• AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications
110
Design Codes
• AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering
111
Recap
• Introduction to Bridge Engineering
– Bridge Nomenclature
– Types of Bridges
– Girder Bridge Superstructures
– Substructures
– Bridge Plan Set Organization and Content
– I-Girder Bridge Framing Plans
– Analysis Methods
– Design Codes
112

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Introduction to Steel Bridge

Beam Section at Bearing

Steel Reinforced Elastomeric Bearing

Stainless Steel Slide

Beam Section at Bearing Elastomeric Pad

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