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Epigenetics and Chromatin Remodelling
Epigenetics and Chromatin Remodelling
remodelling
Interesting questions
Epigenetic memory:
The inheritance of epigenetic imprints from one cell to another cell through
mitosis.
• Epigenetic memory ensures that liver cells only produce liver cells and
brain cells only produce brain cells.
Epigenetic inheritance:
The inheritance of epigenetic marks from one generation to the next through
meiosis.
Epigenetic imprinting- DNA Methylation
•In a diploid cell, there are two copies of most genes- one copy from the
mother and one from the father.
•However, there are cases when one allele is expressed and the other is
silenced.
•An example includes the human H19 and the insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2),
located close to each other on chromosome-11.
•However, enhancer cannot activate Igf2 in the maternal chromosome because ICR binds
to a protein, CTCF, which blocks activators at the enhancer from activating the Igf2
gene.
•On the paternal chromosome, the ICR element and the H19 promoter are methylated
and therefore cannot be transcribed. CTCF also cannot bind to ICR thus activating Igf2
gene.
•On the paternal chromosome, H19 is further repressed by the binding of the protein,
MeCP2, to the methylated ICR. This recruits deacetlyases that repress the H19
promoter.
Epigenetic imprinting of H19 & Igf2 Loci (male/
female)
Unequal expression of maternal and paternal alleles of a gene.
These genes are involved in some cancers.
•One is composed of enzymes that transfer acetyl groups to the amino acid lysine at
specific positions in the histones of the nucleosomes.
In plants:
• Epigenetic switches occur not only during embryogenesis but
also during the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth.
• They also maintain totipotency at later stages. Any cell can
dedifferentiate (lose its imprints) to become totipotent.