Panchito M.

Labay
FORD Fellow
Professor 5
Part I. Introduction to Research
Chapter 1. General concepts of Research: What is research? What is
knowledge, theory, S&T and R&D?
Chapter 2. What are the types of research?
Part II. Methods of Research
Chapter 3. Differences between the main philosophical schools that
affect the conduct of research. What are the views of the positivists
and post-positivists? Modernists and post-modernists and also of the
feminists & symbolic interactionist?
Chapter 4. What are qualitative, quantitative and mixed approaches in
research?
Part III. Research Designs and Strategies
Chapter 5. What are exploratory, explanatory, descriptive and
predictive research designs? How are historical, document/archival,
experimental, survey and case studies differentiated?
Chapter 6. What are qualitative research methods? What are
phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, historiography and
other methods of qualitative research?
Chapter 7. What are quantitative research methods? What are
variables, experimental research designs e.g. pre-experiment, quasi-
experiment and true experiment?
Chapter 8. What are the mixed methods (qual-quan) of research?
Specialised chapters. Strategies in sampling, units of analysis,
ethnography, oral-histories, participatory rural approaches, surveys
(including the preparation of survey questions) and archival research
strategies.

Part IV. Preparing the research paper.

Chapter 9. Research creativity, innovativeness and the research
problem.
Chapter 10. Review of literature
Chapter 11. Research problem, hypothesis & research proposal
Chapter 12. Techniques and guidelines in writing research reports,
research ethics, intellectual property rights (IPR) & plagiarism

REQUIREMENTS in giving marks: Paper Works, Research Proposal,

Fieldworks & Exam (optional)
 Prof. ir. Panchito Malapad Labay
FORD International Fellow, Ford-New York, USA

Professor 5, Nationally Accredited Professor

Marinduque State College, Salary Grade: 28

MSc. International Development

Wageningen Universiteit & Research Centrum
The Netherlands
Advanced Research Course on Development
The University of Manchester, UK
Special Course on Poverty & Development
Catholic University of America, Washington DC, USA
Dip. Research & Development Management
University of the Philippines-Open University, UPLB

BSc. Chemistry (5-yr Course)

Adamson University, Manila, Philippines
What is research?
What is know-
ledge, theory, S&T
and R&D? What
are the types of
research?
RESEARCH is a systematic and
exhaustive inquiry, investigation or
experimentation with the aim of
finding new facts (knowledge) in
explaining the problems associated
with our day to day relations with our
environments (social, natural,
political, economics, physical) to
come up with working solutions in
facing them.
It deals in bringing in something new
or novel through analytical reasoning,
which the product is an organised
knowledge.
It is the crux of human development—
a human product that is generating
more and new products / ideas.
When the logical relationships among
problems, experiences and reasons are
established and arranged systematically
through a series of human interactions
with their social, natural, physical,
economics, etc. environments, this lead to
THEORIES. Therefore, theories are
products of research.
Theories are used to solve ‘environmental’
phenomena and their associated
problems. They can be recycled, which
may lead to the formation of new ones in
favour of the existing ones. The word
"theory" most simply means
"explanation."
Theories explain "How" and "Why"
something operates as it does. They are
made-up of concepts and principles for
ease of understanding them.
 When theories are compiled,
related to or impinged with
other theories, they form the
human KNOWLEDGE or bodies
of knowledge.

KNOWLEDGE is a central
product of research, be it
academic, formal, indigenous,
local or practical. Be in different
forms, they are reiteratively
treated as both a resource and
source of power and conflict
among human beings. Thus, by
looking at the knowledge
interface between local
knowledge against the
universal, one will be able to
A lot of theories and finally human knowledges are
see the contestations related to
established with regards to human body, health and
diseases. these contexts.
‘Universal’, ‘Western’ or
formal knowledges are
those that are taught in
schools and found
written in books,
journals and scientific
magazines.
They are products of
research in
‘generalised form’ and
generally made by
‘experts’, researchers
and academe.
‘Local’, ‘indigenous’, ‘folk’, ‘rural’ or traditional knowledges are socio-
culturally, geographically and politically multi-sited. They differ from culture to
culture, as these are based from the experiences of people within their
geographical, political and social environments. They are also historically
based.

The natives’ knowledges are now the ‘apple of the eyes’ of modern researchers, especially in
Western countries, especially their traditional medicines which are now tapped for new drugs.
 Building of Building
Human
Social meanings, of Building
experiences,
Actor realities, concepts of know-
encounters &
facts & & ledges
problems
lifeworlds theories

Paradigm in the generation of theories and knowledges.

When these bodies of knowledge are internalised by the human

actor, they become a part of their traditions and practices—culture.
 Knowledge is a product of
research through the
process of logical
reasoning or rationalism. It
can be done in two ways:
Theories
•Deductive reasoning (i.e.,
the process of drawing a
specific conclusion from a
set of premises).

Deduction
Induction

Patterns • Inductive reasoning (i.e.,

Hypotheses
reasoning from the
particular to the general).
The conclusion from
inductive reasoning is
probabilistic (i.e., you make
a statement about what will
Observations/
Data probably happen). The so-
called “problem of
induction” is that the future
might not resemble the
present.
 If SCIENCE is a body of
‘organised knowledge’ that we
use in explaining our day to
day relations with our
environments and the
problems associated with
them (know-why), then it is
also a product of RESEARCH.
When these organised bodies
of knowledge are put into
useful objects, processes and
or outcomes, then TECHNO-
LOGY (know-how) becomes
an outcome of RESEARCH.

The body of knowledge that was generated through

research revolutionises our present development.
If RESEARCH is the continuous
search for knowledge (SCIENCE)
which are put together into
important objects and processes
(TECHNOLOGY), then the act of
putting them together to improve
human lives and his environments
refers to DEVELOPMENT.

Continuous development of
new drugs for HIV virus
(green spheres) through the
application of research.
Thank you, because we have just
finished Chapter 1

TUTOR MARKED ACTIVITY

For the integration of all concepts, please do the following activities:
1. Think of a ‘folk or rural knowledge’ and in no more than 500 words
describe and show its manifestation in your community.
2. Think of a ‘western or universal knowledge’ that contradicts the
‘rural knowledge’ you cited in No. 1. Do this in no more than 500
words.

Date of submission:
 •To become research
literate
•To develop critical
thinking
•To generate
knowledge
•To come up with
solutions to a certain
problem

All the things we read and studied today are

products of research and creative minds.
Based on Purpose
Basic / Fundamental /
Theoretical or Pure
Research—done for the
purpose of knowing,
understanding or explaining
natural and social phenomena,
to uncover general principles
and develop a theory to explain
such phenomena without
direct or specific use at once.

Albert Einstein is a famous theoretical

researcher and was a Nobel Prize Winner in
Physics
Basic Research—is regarded as the most academic form of research, since
its principal aim is to make a contribution to knowledge, usually for the
general good, rather than to solve a specific problem for a certain
organisation or situation. This may take the form of the following:
Discovery – where a totally
new or novel idea or
explanation emerges and
may revolutionise
thinking.

Invention – where a new

technique or method is
created.

Reflection –
where an
existing theory,
technique or group of
ideas is re-examined
possibly in a different
organisational or social
context.

Basic or Theoretical research is the

most academic form of research
that generates knowledge.
Based on Purpose
Applied or Practical
Research—done for the
purpose of testing or
applying an existing
principle or theory with
specific purpose of
improving human
condition.

A theory or concept can be

‘recycled’ in coming up with a much
improved product like the vacuum
tube and the microchips of today’s
computer industry.
 An applied research can be
in this forms:
Innovation—done in developing
and coming up with a new,
better or practical product,
process or technique out of
the existing ones. Product
development & packaging
research are part of this.
On-Farm or On-Field Level
Research—done by testing
the theories in the field or
limited area of application
prior to implementation in
large-scale.
Developmental Research—done
by applying the results of
applied or practical research
in a wider scope of analysis
and interpretation prior to
On-farm or field level research is a type of applied mass implementation or
research for mass implementation of outputs. production of outputs or
results.
 Based on Purpose
Evaluation or Assess-
ment Research—
pursues to find out the
worth, merit or quality of
a certain object, program
or project.

It can be needs
assessment, theory
assessment, impact
assessment, efficiency
assessment or
implementation assess-
ment depending in the
Evaluation research is very important for the stated purpose.
proper allocation of resources and funds.
 Based on Purpose
Orientational Research—
done for the purpose of
advancing an ideological
position.
-upholds the concept that
‘reality cannot be grasped
without the researcher’s
bias’, which is caused by
historical, political,
sociocultural, ethnic or
gender conditions.
-more focus on inequality, dis-
crimination, empowering
and emancipation of the
marginalized groups or
Orientational research is useful to hear the ‘voices’ ideas to eliminate alienation
of the poor and other marginalised groups. and domination.
Based on Purpose
Action Research—based on
the concept that ‘action is
both an outcome and a part of
research’.
-focuses on solving local
problems or immediate
problematic situation for the
practical concerns of the
involved people.
-the researcher is changing what
is being researched during the
process of research, thus the
work cannot be replicated or
tested in other situations. This
prevents general knowledge
being developed and thus it
cannot contribute to theory.
 SCIENCE
Knowledges, Theories

RESEARCH
Basic, Applied,
Problem Developmental, DEVELOPMENT
Orientational,
Action

TECHNOLOGY

Problem, R&D and S&T continuum paradigm.

Thank you, because we have just
finished Chapter 2

TUTOR MARKED ACTIVITY

For the integration of all concepts, please do the following activities:
1. Search for two published research papers related to your course in
www.google.com (pdf format).
2. In no more than 500 words explain their peculiarities as basic,
orientational, action, applied or assessment research.

Date of submission: