What is Distribution Transformer?

• Final voltage transformation in system.

• Steps down the voltage level that is suitable to end user..

• Reduction of iron losses is important in design of Distribution transformer.

• They are designed to operate with maximum efficiency at 70-75 % of full load.

• Provides isolation to consumer side from HV side.

• Improve voltage regulation

 Type of Substations

Single Storied Double Decker

Substation substation

Grade – 2
Substation Compact Substation
Pole Mounted Substation
Up to 125 kVA – 2 Pole
Up to 250 kVA – 4 pole
 The main parts / Accessories of DTs

1. Laminated core :
• CRGO (Cold Rolled Grain Orient)
• Amorphus (Good compare to CRGO)
• Sillicon Steel stamping core

2. Winding :
• Copper (Super Enamel Covered Copper or Double Paper Covered Electrolytic Copper
Conductor)
• Alluminium

3. Insulation :
• Inter layer insulation – Epoxy Dotted Kraft Paper

4. Transformer oil :
• Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) used (Adverse effect on environment and animals
• Vegetable oil (Biodegradable, High fire point)
• Mineral Oil latest
• Servo (210 Ltrs. Barrel capacity)
5. Tap changer :
• Voltage ratio improvement
• Rotary mechanism and Linear mechanism
• Inner mechanism is made up of a wood
• Generally of steps of 2.5 %

6. Conservator tank :
• Total volume of tank is 10 % of total oil used (3 % is filled with oil and rest is air
• Pipe dia. 30 mm between conservator tank to main tank
• 20 mm height of pipe is kept in tank for sump level

7. Fins:
• For cooling Purpose
• Corrugated type and Non-corrugated type

8. PRV :
• Pressure relies valve trips when having too much gas pressure within the conservator
• Pressure increases due to Overload or fault in Transformer

9. Gasket seal :
• Fills space between two mating surfaces for preventing leakage
• Cocksheet gasket were used
• Nitrile Butadein Rubber (NBR) Type 4C
10. Bushings :
• Connect the incoming HV cable to the windings without transformer body
• Porcelain (low voltage) and Resin (high voltage)
• Copper 80 5 + Brass 20% ( Terminal material)

11. Explosion vent :

• Preventing damage against excessive pressure generated within transformer
• Rupture panel

12. Marshall box (OTI, WTI) :

• Oil temperature Indicator and Winding Temperature Indicator
• Alarms when more then set limit

13. Buchholz relay :

• Protection against inside faults
• Incipient faults, Short circuit faults, Core faults
• Gas actuated protection relay
• Must be provided transformer having rating more than 1000 kVA

14. Silica gel with Breather :

• Moisture absorbs
• Pink to Blue color
15. Oil level gauge :
• On conservator tank for Oil level indicator (High, Normal, Low ) separated with single
layer of Gasket
• On Transformer tank for Oil Quantity Indicator

16. Name plate :

• Name plate contains the parameters regarding to the Transformer
• Manufacturing details etc.

17. Oil valve (2) :

• Drain valve
• Filter valve
• Covered with MS case

18. Wheels :
• Used when Transformer needed to move horizontally

19. Cable klit :

• Provided for holding the cables coming from HT side or going to the LT side
• MS is not used because of the possibility of voltage getting induced in klit
• Alluminium is used and its Earthed
Rating Plate of Distribution Transformer
Tools and Tackles Used for Transformer Testing

Transformer testing bench BDV testing kit

Acidity testing kit Moisture testing kit

Digital camera Current & Voltage injection kit

Empty containers and buckets Earthing wire and strip

Multi-meter Connecting wires

Hand gloves Paint coating thickness meter

Lifting kraine (10 MT) Safety shoes and Helmet

Ratio meter Secondary containment/spill kit

 Routine, Type & Special Test of Transformer
Routine Tests
1. Insulation Resistance test
2. Winding Resistance Test
3. Voltage/Turn Ratio Test
4. O.C. & S.C. Test
5. No-load losses and current
measurement
6. Load losses at 50 % & 100 % &
impedance voltage measurement
7. High Voltage Test
8. Pressure Test
9. Oil leakage test
10. Induced over voltage withstand test
(DVDF)
Type Tests
1. Lightening impulse test
2. Temperature rise test
3. Short circuit withstand test
4. Air pressure test on tank
5. Pressure relief device test
Special Test
1. Magnetic balance test
2. Noise level measurement
3. Measurement of zero-sequence
impedance
4. Measurement of harmonics of no-load
current
 NEW TRANSFORMER INSPECTION ( Test performed on new Transformer )

1. Physical Inspection:
 Damage to the parts
 Color coating
 Oil level and leakage

2. Insulation Resistance :
 HV – Earth (2.5 kV DC / 5 kV DC )
 LV – Earth (0.5 kV DC / 1 kV DC )
 HV – LV (2.5 kV DC / 5 kV DC )

3. Continuity Test :
HV side coninuty test LV side continuty test
R(+Ve) to Y(-Ve) r(+Ve) to y(-Ve)
Y(+Ve) to B(-Ve) y(+ve) to b(-Ve)
B(+Ve) to R(-Ve) b(+Ve) to r(-ve)

4. SC Test :
 LV side is shorted
 LV side rated current is flowed
 Load losses is calculated (Cu losses)
5. OC Test :
 HV side is kept open
 LV side rated voltage is applied
 No load losses are calculated (Core losses)

6. Voltage Ratio Test :

 HV side 415 UV AC is applied
 Induced voltage in LV is measured
 Ratio of HV to LV voltage is measured for each tap

7. Magnetic Balance Test :

 This test is performed on HV side for each Tap
 HV side R-Y-B supply is connected
 R – Y ON : Y – B & B – R voltage is measured
 Y – B ON : R – Y & B – R voltage is measured
 B – R ON : R – Y & Y – B voltage is measured

8. Breakdown Voltage Test Of Oil :

 400 ml Oil is taken in vessel
 2.5 mm distance between two electrodes (60 kV/2.5 mm)
 Nitrile gloves used in starting of test
9. Acidity Test :
 Nitrile gloves are used in starting
 KOH is used for neutralizing acidity
 2 Solvent, 1 Universal indicator, 4 Test tubes, 3 Droppers and 1 Chart

10. HV Test :
 R-Y-B shorted and Earthed on HV side
 r-y-b-n shorted on LV side
 2.4 kV AC for 60 sec. applied on LV – Earth ( 80 % of BIL ) (For LV side test)
 36 kV AC for 60 sec. applied on HV – Earth (For HV side test)

11. Winding Resistance Test :

 HV side current is injected 0.7 A DC ( R-Y, Y-B, B-R voltage is measured) and V/I ratio is
calculated
 LV side current is injected 5 A DC (r-n, y-n, b-n voltage is measured ) and V/I ratio is
calculated

12. Moisture test (ppm Test ) :

 PPM content should be less than 50 ppm
 Anolite (150 ml) + Catholite (5 ml) + Oil (1 ml)
 Mosture content should be less than 0.03 mg/kg