IMMUNE

SYSTEM
GROUP 7
Learning Targets:
 I will know what is the importance and functions of the
Immune System
 I will know what are the different cells, tissues, and organs
that defends the body.
 I will know how innate defenses work in the body.
 I will know how adapted immunity defends the body from
specific pathogens.
 I will know how vaccines help in jump-start immunity
from specific pathogens.
 I will know the several disorders that affects the Immune
System
IMMUNE SYSTEM

-Enables the body to recognize its own cells and to defend against
infections, cancer, and foreign substances that might hurt the body.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
-they are suspended in blood plasma and
occupy the interstitial fluid between cells.

-they are infection-fighting cells that defend

the body from pathogens

-they are the one who manufactures antibodies

that help defends the body.

-phagocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes,

basophils
Phagocytes- scavenger cells that engulf and
destroy bacteria and disease and debris.

Macrophages- consume foreign particles

that initiate the body’s defenses

Lymphocytes(natural killer cell)- attacks

cancerous or virus-infected cells

Basophils- releases chemical signals that

triggers inflammation and allergies
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM- part of Immune
System that collects fluids that leak
from blood vessels, remove bacteria,
debris and cancer cells, and returns
the liquid to the blood.

Lymph- colorless fluid that forms when plasma seeps out from blood vessels and into
the interstitial fluid.
Spleen- organ containing masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that destroys
pathogens
Lymph Node- is a bean-shaped lymphoid organs located along the lymph vessels
that contains millions of white blood cells engulf dead cells and pathogens
circulating in lymph
MAIN DIVISIONS OF THE
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Innate Defenses- provides broad defense
against any infectious agents and are
defenses that are always present and are
ready to function.

Adaptive Immunity- the immune cells not only

recognize specific parts of a pathogen but
they also remember the previous encounters.
EXTERNAL BARRIERS from the
first line of Defense
 Epidermis- external layer of defense

 Dermis- internal layer of defense

INTERNAL INNATE DEFENSES
destroy invaders
 White Blood Cells- consumes
bacteria by phagocytosis,
secreting fluids that destroy
pathogens.

 Inflammation- an immediate
reaction to any injury or to any
pathogen that breaches the body.

-Acute- quick inflammation(takes few

days)
-Chronic- long term inflammation(takes
months or years)
Adaptive Immunity
Defends Against Specific
Pathogens
 The target in an adaptive immune response is an
antigen, which is any molecule that simulates an
immune reaction by B and T cells.
 Most antigens are carbohydrates or proteins
 Example include parts of a bacterial cell wall or virus,
proteins on the surface of a mold spore or pollen
grain, and unique molecules on the surface of a
cancer cell.
 The word antigen (short for antibody-generating)
reflects a crucial part of adaptive immunity
 The production of antibodies which are Y-shaped
proteins that recognize specific antigens.
 Each B and T cell is genetically programmed to
produce receptors that recognize and bind to only one
target antigen.
 Every foreign particle contains dozens of molecules
that can act as antigens, many sets of B cells and T
cells respond to invasion by one pathogen
Helper T Cells Play a Central Role
in Adaptive Immunity
 One of the first cell types to respond to infection is the macrophage,
which both participates in innate defenses and triggers adaptive immunity
 If a macrophage encounters a bacterium or other foreign substance in the
body, it engulfs the invader, dismantle it, and links each antigen to a
protein on the macrophage surface
 A macrophage displaying an antigen on its surface travels in lymph to a
lymph node, where the cell encounters collections of T and B cells.
 Helper T cells are “master cells” of the immune system because they
initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response.
 The activated helper T cell immediately divides into many identical copies.
Some of the copies differentiate into memory cell, which remain in the
body long after the initial infection subsides.
 Memory cell launch a quick immune response upon subsequent exposure
to the antigen; that they “remember” antigens the immune system has
already encountered
 The other cell copies are “effectors” that act immediately , initiating the
cell-mediated and humoral arms of the adaptive immune system
Cytotoxic T Cells Provide Cell-
Mediated Immunity
 Cytotoxic T cells provide cell-mediate immunity
by physically binding to and destroying
“suspicious” cells that is, those that are
cancerous , damaged.
B Cells Direct the Humoral
Immune Response
 The humoral immune response includes
millions of different B Cells, each
producing a unique antibody.

-Antibodies are the main weapons of

humoral immunity. Their function is to
attack pathogens in the body’s fluids, not
inside infected cells.
 In a process called clonal section,
activated B cell divides rapidly, generating
an army of memory cells and plasma cells
that are clones of the original B cell.

 The plasma cells immediately secrete

huge numbers of antibodies- thousands of
molecules each second.
Hummoral Immunity is Active or
Passive
Active Immunity- results from the body’s
own production of antibodies after
exposure to antigens in the environment.

Passive Immunity- a person receives intact

antibodies from another individual.
PRIMARY IMMUNE SECONDARY IMMUNE
RESPONSE RESPONSE

 Is the adaptive  The immune system’s

immune system’s first reaction the next
reaction to a foreign time it detects the
antigen. same foreign
antigen- is much
stronger than the
primary response.
All About Vaccine and
Preventable Diseases
 Classes of Vaccines
Class Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples
Cellular and humoral Difficult to store and
immunity transport Chickenpox, German
Risk of infection in measles, measles,
Weakened strain of
Live attenuated Long-lasting immunity immunocompromised mumps, tuberculosis,
whole pathogen
patients typhoid fever, yellow
Transmission to fever
Risk of reversion
contacts
Ease of storage and Weaker immunity
Whole pathogen killed transport (humoral only) Cholera, hepatitis A,
or inactivated with
Inactivated Higher doses and influenza, plague,
heat, chemicals, or No risk of severe
more boosters rabies
radiation active infection
required
Limited longevity
Anthrax, hepatitis B,
Multiple doses influenza, meningitis,
Lower risk of side required papillomavirus,
Subunit Immunogenic antigens
effects pneumococcal
No protection against pneumonia, whooping
antigenic variation cough

Inactivated bacterial Humoral immunity to Does not prevent Botulism, diphtheria,

Toxoid
toxin neutralize toxin infection pertussis, tetanus
Costly to produce Meningitis
T-dependent response
to capsule No protection against
Capsule antigenic variation (Haemophilus
Conjugate polysaccharide influenzae, Streptococ
conjugated to protein Better response in May interfere with cus
young children other vaccines pneumoniae, Neisseria
meningitides)
Vaccine preventable diseases

• Some diseases can’t be prevented and

can only be treated after a person gets
sick.
• Some diseases can be prevented by
receiving a vaccine before we come into
contact with them, so we don’t have to
get sick!
• These are called vaccine preventable
diseases.
• Some vaccines prevent diseases that are still
common in the United States.
• Some vaccines prevent diseases that are no longer
common in the U.S.
– But if we didn’t vaccinated against them, they could easily
come back.
• One vaccine was used so efficiently that smallpox, the
disease it prevented, was eradicated.
– This means the disease was eliminated from the world.
– This vaccine is no longer available because it is no longer
necessary.
• Two vaccines prevent infections that can lead to
cancer.
– Human papillomavirus vaccine and Hepatitis B vaccine
Why do we all need to be
vaccinated??
Are Vaccines Safe?
• YES!!
• Vaccine safety is studied in depth before they are
given to the public.
• Vaccines are continuously monitored to ensure they
are safe.
• Vaccines, like any medicine, can cause side effects.
• Your arm might hurt where you received the vaccine. This is
normal.
• However, serious side effects from vaccines are very rare.
• It is also safe to receive multiple vaccines at one
doctors appointment.
• The diseases that vaccines prevent however, can be
very dangerous and even deadly
Diphtheria
• Caused by a bacteria:
Corynebacterium diphtheria
that releases a toxin
when it infects someone.
• Spread through coughing and sneezing.
– Can also be transmitted from touching open
sores (but this is rare).
– Can also be transmitted if a person touches
an object that has the bacteria on it.
• Initial symptoms usually include a sore
throat, difficulty swallowing, low fever,
and swollen neck.
• Eventually a thick gray coating can build
up in the throat or nose, making it hard
to breath or swallow.
• About 10% of people who get
diphtheria will die.
Tetanus
• Tetanus is usually a fatal disease caused
by a bacteria.
– Not spread from person to person.
– Found in soil, dust, and manure.
– Enters the body through cuts or puncture
wounds.
• Causes uncontrolled spasms of muscle.
– These spasms may cause bones to break
and difficulty breathing.
– Leads to death in about 10-20% of cases.
• Uncommon in the United States:
– Usually only about 29 cases per year of
tetanus.
– In addition to the DTaP and Tdap vaccines
needed for school, you should also receive a
Tetanus containing vaccine every ten years
because it does not last forever.
DISORDERS THAT
AFFECTS THE
IMMUNE SYSTEM
A. AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS

B. IMMUNODEFICIENCY

C. ALLERGIES
AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS

occurs when the immune system

produced antibodies that attacks the
body’s own tissues.
IMMUNODEFICIENCY

absence of one or more essential

elements of the immune system. These
disorders leave patients vulnerable to
cancer and opportunistic pathogens.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV)- kills the helper T cells, causing
Aids.
ALLERGY

an immune reaction to a
harmless substance. An allergen triggers
the production of antibodies which bind
mast cells.
THANK

YOU