It is made of different parts or

elements.
COMPOSITE
A material made from two or more
constituent materials with significantly
different physical or chemical
properties that, when combined,
produce a material with characteristics
different from the individual
components.
COMPOSITE
It can be defined as a combination of
two or more materials that results in
better properties than those of the
individual components used alone.
Composite Material
Composites are made up of individual
materials referred to as_______?
Constituent Materials
There are two main categories of
constituent materials:
MATRIX (Binder) and
REINFORCEMENT
It is a material that surrounds and
supports the reinforcement
materials by maintaining their
relative positions
MATRIX MATERIAL
It impart their special mechanical and
physical properties to enhance the
matrix properties.
REINFORCEMENTS
 TYPICAL
ENGINEERED
COMPOSITES
 MORTAR AND CONCRETE,
METAL COMPOSITE,
FIBER GLASS AND PLYWOOD
NATURAL COMPOSITES
WOOD, BONE, ROCK
AND SAND
It consists of cellulose fibers
embedded in a compound
called lignin
WOOD
It gives the wood its ability to
bend without breaking
CELLULOSE FIBERS
It makes the wood stiff.
Lignin
is a combination of a soft form of
protein known as collagen and a
strong but brittle mineral called
apatite.
BONE
is a mixture of stony materials of
various sizes.
Rocks
is a composite of small-grained materials
SANDS
layers of linen or papyrus soaked in
plaster
Cartonnage
were the most feared weapons on
earth until the invention effective
firearms in the 14th century.
Composite Mongolian Bows
is the most commonly used
composite
Concrete
The earliest man-made composite
material were ____ made of straw
and mud
Bricks
 a composite which is used to make
clothing. It contains layers of different
materials which work together to
create a fabric which is waterproof
and breathable
Gore-Tex
can be incorporated into materials to
make them extremely strong but
lightweight.
Carbon Nanotube
can be of any material such as carbon
fiber, glass bead, sand, or ceramic
filler
 The primary phase; It is usually
more ductile and less hard phase. It
holds the dispersed phase and shares
a load with it.
MATRIX
 The secondary phase; It is usually
stronger than the matrix, therefore it
is sometimes called reinforcing phase.
Dispersed Phase
 are composed of a metallic matrix
(aluminum, magnesium, iron,
cobalt, copper) and a dispersed
ceramic (oxides, carbides) or metallic
(lead, tungsten, molybdenum) phase.
Metal Matrix Composites (MMC)
are composed of a ceramic matrix and
embedded fibers of other ceramic
material (dispersed phase).
Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC)
 are composed of a matrix
from thermoset (Unsaturated
Polyester (UP), Epoxiy (EP))
or thermoplastic (Polycarbonate
(PC), Polyvinylchloride, Nylon,
Polysterene) and embedded
glass, carbon, steel or Kevlar fibers
(dispersed phase).
Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC)
3 Classifications of Composites I
based on Matrix Material
 Metal Matrix Composites
Ceramic Matrix Composites
Polymer Matrix Composites
 consist of a matrix reinforced by a
dispersed phase in form of particles.
Particulate Composites
 Composites with preferred
orientation of particles. Dispersed
phase of these materials consists of
two-dimensional flat platelets (flakes),
laid parallel to each other
Composites with random orientation
of particles
 2 Classification of composite
materials II (based on reinforcing
material structure or filler)
 Particulate Composites,
Composites with random
orientation of particles
consist of a matrix reinforced by a
dispersed phase in form of
discontinuous fibers (length <
100*diameter).
Short-fiber reinforced composites.
 composites consist of a matrix
reinforced by a dispersed phase in
form of continuous fibers.
Long-fiber reinforced composites
 When a fiber reinforced composite
consists of several layers with different
fiber orientations
multilayer (angle-ply) composite.
consists of the composite material in which the
filler materials are roughly round.
Particulate Composites
 are composites in which the filler
material has a length to diameter ratio
Short and long fiber composites
filler for boat panel is an example of
short fiber composite.
FIBER GLASS
are some of the filler material used in
the long fiber type composites.
Carbon fiber, aramid fiber (Kevlar®)
fiber
 the type of composite that uses the
filler material in form of sheet instead
of round particles or fibers
Laminate
a good example of Laminate
composite
Formica countertop
Types of Composite Materials
 Concrete
Fiber-reinforced Polymers
Metal Matrix Composites
Ceramic Matrix Composites
Engineered Wood
Most common composite material of
all and typically consists of loose
stones held with a matrix of cement
CONCRETE
Include carbon-fiber reinforced plastic
and glass-reinforced plastic
Fiber-reinforced Polymer
 Two constituent parts: one being
metal and other may be different
metal or another material such as
ceramic or organic compound.
Hybrid composite when at least three
materials are present
Metal Matrix Composites
Consist of ceramic fibers embedded in
a ceramic matrix thus forming a
ceramic fiber reinforced ceramic
material
CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES
Generate low-weight and high rigidity
materials
ENGINEERED WOODS
 Resins are impregnated by hand into
fibres which are in the form of woven,
knitted, stitched or bonded fabrics
WET/HAND LAY UP
 Fibre is chopped in a hand-held gun
and fed into a spray of catalysed resin
directed at the mould. The deposited
materials are left to cure under
standard atmospheric conditions.
SPRAY LAY UP
 A charge of fibre and resin, either sheet
moulding compound or bulk moulding
compound, is placed in a preheated mould,
which is then closed, and held under
pressure until the resin is cured. The
process can generate a Class A surface
finish, and the similarity to the stamping
process used for sheet metals has led to
applications in the automotive industry.
COMPRESSION MOULDING
Bulk moulding compound is heated and injected
into a heated mould, where it is held under
pressure until the resin has cured. The process is
used for relatively small components for which a
short cycle time can be achieved. The high cost
of tooling means that the process is suitable
only for medium to high volume production.
INJECTION MOULDING
A fibre preform or fabric is placed in a
heated mould. Reactive resin is mixed
and injected into the mould under
pressure. Pressure is maintained until
the resin has cured and the part is
removed. The process is suitable for
complex, highly-loaded parts, and is
used in a wide range of industries
Resin transfer moulding (RTM)
Vacuum is used to cause a low viscosity resin to
impregnate a fibrous preform. Most commonly,
the resin is caused to flow over the surface of
the preform, and then to impregnate through
the thickness, minimising the distance the resin
must travel through the preform. The process is
well-suited to large components such as boat
hulls or wind turbine blades. The tooling does
not have to carry substantial loads during the
process.
Vacuum Infusion
A fibre tow is passed through a resin bath and applied,
under tension, to a convex mandrel. The mandrel is
rotated and the fibre release is moved to lay down
fibres in the desired geometry until the required
thickness is achieved. The composite is then allowed to
cure, using elevated temperature if necessary. The
process can be automated for high volume production,
and is used for tubular structures such as pipes and
driveshafts, as well as more specialised structures such
as pressure vessels or monocoque bicycle frames.
FILAMENT WINDINGS
 Fibre tows are taken from a creel and fed
through a resin bath, before being pulled
through a heated extrusion die, which cures the
resin to produce an extruded part with axial
reinforcement and constant cross-section.
Applications include gratings, ladder sections,
bridge parts and handrails. The process can be
automated and uses low-cost raw materials,
making it suitable for high volume applications.
Pultrusion
consists of fibres, fabrics or mats
impregnated with resin.
Prepreg (pre-impregnated fibre)
USES AND APPLICATION OF
COMPOSITES
 1. AERONAUTICAL INDUSTRY
2. SAFETY EQUIPMENTS
3. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
4. CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE/
CONSTRUCTION
5. RECREATIONAL EQUIPMENTS
6. CORROSION-RESISTANT EQUIPMENT
7. ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY
8. MARINE INDUSTRY
 called bacterial cellulose, is a form
of cellulose that is produced
by bacteria. biocompatible and non-
toxic
Microbial cellulose
 MC has internal and external
applications in the human body.
 Scaffolds for tissue engineering
Synthetic dura mater
Soft tissue replacement
Artificial blood vessels
Wound dressing (burn treatment)
 is the use of a combination of cells,
engineering materials, and suitable
biochemical factors to improve or
replace biological functions in an effort
to improve clinical procedures for the
repair of damaged tissues and organs
Tissue engineering
, is a thick membane that is the
outermost of the three layers of
the meninges that surround
the brain and spinal cord.
Dura mater or dura
vessels are tubes made from synthetic
materials to restore blood circulation.
Artificial blood
 Microbial cellulose is a natural
polymer that can hold a quantity of
water without any disconformities.
Therefore, it is proposed for use as
wound dressing material.
Wound dressing
Microbial Cellulose also has non
medical purpose including:
 Nata de coco
High strength paper
 is a chewy, translucent, jelly-like food
produced from the fermentation of
coconut water, which gels through the
production of microbial cellulose.
Nata de coco
 These papers are produced from
microbial cellulose and has properties
of toughness greater than cast iron.
High Strength Paper
, also known additive manufacturing,
refers to the processes used to create
a three-dimensional object in which
layers of material are formed under
computer control to create an object.
3D printing
 a device constructed of either
synthetic or biological material that
is used for the repair of injured or
diseased blood vessels.
Blood vessel Prostheses
a device implanted in the heart of a
patient with valvular heart disease.
When one of the four heart valves
malfunctions, the medical choice
may be to replace the natural valve
with an artificial valve.
Artificial heart valve
 - is a surgically implanted
electronic device that provides a
sense of sound to a person who is
profoundly deaf or severely hard of
hearing in both ears.
Cochlear Implant
 - they are made of pliable
hydrophilic plastics called hydrogels
Contact Lenses
there are two basic types, SALINE
and SILICONE GEL.
Breast Implants
 Applications of nanomaterials
include, but are not limited to, the
following:
• Next-Generation Computer Chips- smaller components ;
microprocessors ; faster
Kinetic Energy (KE) Penetrators : nano crystalline replaces DU ( depleted
Uranium for defense )
Better Insulation Materials : Nanocrystalline materials synthesised by
the sol-gel technique result in foam like structures called "aerogels
Phosphors for High-Definition TV : synthesized by solgel technique to
produce smaller pixels
High Energy Density Batteries - (aerogel) structure, which can hold
considerably more energy than their conventional counterparts
High-Power Magnets - nanocrystalline yttrium-samarium-cobalt grains
possess very unusual magnetic properties due to their extremely large
surface area.
USES OF BIOMATERIALS

1. Replacement of damaged or
diseased part
2. Assist in healing
3. Improving functionality
or abnormality
4. Improving cosmetic
abnormality
5. Aid to diagnosis
- replacing damaged joint with
artificial joint.
Joint Replacements
- used to assist in the healing of
broken and fractured bones.
Bone Plates and Screws
 viscosity changes over time from a
runny liquid into a dough like state
that can be safely applied and then
finally hardens into solid hardened
material.
The bone cement
 is a small titanium screw which is
placed into the bone where a tooth is
missing to provide the most stable
and long-lasting platform for the
replacement of the missing teeth.
dental implant
 - most replacements come from
connective tissues in the patients
own body.
Artificial Ligaments and Tendons
is a porous update of Teflon, best
known for its use in waterproof
materials.
Gortex –
APPLICATION OF NANO MATERIALS
 Sensors employ their sensitivity to the
changes in various parameters they are
designed to measure. The measured
parameters include electrical resistivity,
chemical activity, magnetic
permeability, thermal conductivity, and
capacitance.
High sensitivity sensor
Typical applications for sensors made
out of nano-crystalline materials are
 smoke detectors,
ice detectors on aircraft wings,
automobile engine performance sensor
nano-materials are stronger, harder, and
much more wear-resistant and erosion-
resistant, they are presently being
envisioned to be used as spark plugs.
Rail plugs made of nano-materials last
much longer even the conventional
spark plugs.
Automobiles with Greater Fuel
Efficiency
 Components made of nanomaterials
are stronger and can operate at higher
temperatures, aircrafts can fly faster and
more efficiently
Aerospace Components
 A nanocrystalline composite material
made of tungsten, copper, and titanium
diboride can be used as substitute as
weapon component
Weapons Platforms
are being used for both defense and
civilian applications
Satellites
 Nanocrystalline zirconia (zirconium oxide) ceramic is
hard, wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant (biological fluids
are corrosive), and biocompatible. Nanoceramics can
also be made porous into aerogels (aerogels can
withstand up to 100 times their weight), if they are
synthesized by sol-gel techniques. This results in far less
frequent implant replacements, and hence, a significant
reduction in surgical expenses
MEDICAL IMPLANTS
Nanocrystalline materials, such as tungstic oxide
(WO3.xH2O) gel, are used in very large
electrochromic display devices. The reaction
governing electrochromism (a reversible
coloration process under the influence of an
electric field) is the double-injection of ions (or
protons, H+) and electrons, which combine with
the nanocrystalline tungstic acid to form a
tungsten bronze
Large Electrochromic Display
Devices
 It is any substance that has been
engineered to interact with biological
systems for a medical purpose, either
therapeutic or diagnostic one.
biomaterial
 It is the process by which living
organisms produce minerals often to
harden or stiffen existing tissues
(mineralized tissues).
Bio mineralization
Uses of biologically formed minerals:
 Magnetic sensors
Gravity sensing devices
Iron storage
Mobilization
It is organized into 4 eras
 Prehistoric
Era of the surgeon hero (Modern Era)
Designed biomaterials
Contemporary era
-comes from the Greek word
osteon meaning bone, and the
Latin word integrare, to make
whole
Osseo integration
 He invented the glass contact lens,
possibly the first contact lens offering
a real success
Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick
 Early observation on
biocompatibility was observed here.
Intraocular Lens
Designed biomaterials are?
 Silicones
Polyurethanes
Teflon
Hydrogels
Poly ethelyne glycil
Poly laptic glycol Acid
Titanium
Bioglass
Biomaterial Science as we see them
today :
 Protein adsorption
Biospecific biomaterials
Non-fouling materials
Healing and the fpreign-body reaction
Controlled Release
Tissue Engineering
Regenerative medicine
Nanotechnology
Classes of biometerials?
 1. Polymeric Biomaterials
2. Bioceramics
3. Metallic Biomaterials
4. Biocomposite
5. Biologically Based Biomaterials
are one of the cornerstones of tissue
engineering.
Polymeric Biomaterials
applied on surgery, drug delivery,
prosthetic implants and tissue-
engineering
Collagen-
explored for the use in liver, nerve,
heart, cartilage and tissue-
engineering.
Alginate-
for blood and solution bag, surgical
packaging.
Polyvinylchloride (PVC)-
 for isposable syringes, blood
oxygenerator membrane, artificial
vascular grafts.
Polypropylene (PP)-
for tissue culture flasks, vacuum
canisters, filterware.
Polystyrene (PS)-
are typically used as rigid materials in
surgical implants, though some
bioceramics are flexible.
Bio ceramics
are ceramic materials that are
biocompatible.
bioceramics
Examples of bio ceramics?
Bone and dental implants
 were one of the first types of
biomaterials that found their ways to
actual clinical use
Metallic biomaterials
Most Used Metals to Make
Biomaterials
Stainless Steel
Cobalt Alloys
Titanium Alloys
Gold
is a composite material formed by a
matrix (resin) and a reinforcement of
natural fibers.
Biocomposite
 is the process by which living
organisms produce minerals, often to
harden or stiffen existing tissues. Such
tissues are called mineralized tissues.
Biomineralization
Top down method
Start up with atoms and molecules
Bottom up methods
is manipulation of matter on
an atomic, molecular,
and supramolecular scale.
Nanotechnology("nanotech")
 is science, engineering, and
technology conducted at the nano-
scale, which is about 1 to 100
nanometers.
Nanotechnology
 are more affordable, as they are filled
with a saltwater solution similar to the
fluid that makes up most of the human
body, but they are slightly firmer to
the touch. These are filled by the
surgeon performing the breast
augmentation procedure.
Saline-filled breast implants
are more expensive, as they are filled
with a cohesive gel that holds together
uniformly while retaining the natural
give that resembles breast tissue.
These are prepared by the
manufacturer and tested for quality to
ensure uniform fill volumes.
Silicone gel breast implants
 If a silicone breast implant ruptures,
you might not notice right away — or
ever — because any free silicone tends
to remain trapped in the fibrous tissue
(capsule) that forms around the
implant. This is known as a silent
rupture.
Ruptured silicone implant
If a saline breast implant ruptures, the
implant will deflate — causing the
affected breast to change in size and
shape.
Ruptured saline implant
Types OF NANO MATERIALS
 These nanomaterials are
composed mostly of carbon,
most commonly taking the form
of a hollow spheres, ellipsoids,
or tubes. Spherical and
ellipsoidal carbon
nanomaterials are referred to as
fullerenes, while cylindrical
ones are called nanotubes.
Carbon based material
These nanomaterials include
quantum dots, nanogold,
nanosilver and metal oxides,
such as titanium dioxide.
Metal based materials
 These nanomaterials are
nanosized polymers built from
branched units
Dendrimeters
combine nanoparticles with
other nanoparticles or with
larger, bulk-type materials
Composites
AGAIN RECITE ALL TYPES OF NANO
CARBON BASED
METAL BASED
DENDRIMERS
COMPOSITES
 It greatly increases the number of
charge carriers (electrons, ions, and
electron holes) within the crystal. The
behaviour of charge carriers is the
basis of diodes, transistors and all
modern electronics.
Doping
 First practical application of
semiconductors in electronics (1904).
CAT’S- WHISKER DETECTOR
 Semiconductors are perfect brain for
electronic devices.
It is the heart of computer microchips
that enable them to do math and run
programs.
It enable the technological
innovation: internet, computers and
cellphones.
Semiconductors are relatively invisible
but have comparable social impact.
Properties of Semiconductor
 Semiconductors in their natural
state are poor conductors because
a current requires the flow of
electrons, and semiconductors
have their valence bands filled,
preventing the entry flow of new
electrons.
Variable Conductivity
occur when two differently doped
semiconducting materials are
joined together. For example, a
configuration could consist of p-
doped and n-doped germanium
Heterojunctions
A difference in electric potential on
a semiconducting material would
cause it to leave thermal
equilibrium and create a non-
equilibrium situation.
Excited Electrons
In certain semiconductors, excited
electrons can relax by emitting light
instead of producing heat.
. Light Emission
 Semiconductors have
large thermoelectric power
factors making them useful
in thermoelectric generators, as
well as high thermoelectric figures
of merit making them useful
in thermoelectric coolers
Thermal Energy Conversion
 is the most widely used type of
semiconductor material. Its major
advantage is that it is easy to fabricate
and provides good electrical and
mechanical properties.
Silicon
is the second most widely used type of
semiconducting material. It is widely
used in high performance RF devices
where its high electron mobility is
utilized
Gallium Arsenide
This type of semiconducting materials
was used in many early devices from
radar detection diodes to the first
transistors
GERMANIUM
It is often used in power devices where
its losses are significantly lower and
operating temperatures can be higher
than those of silicon based devices
Silicone carbide
This type of semiconductor material is
starting to be more widely used in
microwave transistors where high
temperatures and powers are needed
Gallium Nitride
This semiconductor material has found
many uses within LED technology.
6. Gallium Phosphide
Used in photoresistors and also in
solar cells
Cadmium sulfide
 Used as mineral galena, this
semiconductor material was used in
the very early radio detectors known
as ‘Cat’s Whiskers’.
8. Lead Sulphide
It forms silicon dioxide on the surface
of the silicon.
This is used as a gate
insulator and field oxide.
Thermal oxidation
 is an opaque plate with holes or
transparencies that allow light to shine
through in a defined pattern. They are
commonly used in photolithography.
A photomask
is a process used in microfabrication to
pattern parts of a thin film or the bulk
of a substrate. It uses light to transfer
a geometric pattern from
a photomask to a light-
sensitive chemical "photoresist", or
simply "resist”.
Photolithography, also termed optical
lithography or UV lithography,
 The part of the silicon that was not
covered by the photoresist layer from
the previous step can now be etched
Etching
usually involves an etch gas pumped in
a low-pressure chamber to
create plasma.
Plasma etching
It is also known as doping. The process
introduces an impure atom to the
system, which creates the p-n junction.
In order to get the impure atoms
embedded in the silicon wafer, the
wafer is first put in a 1100 degree
Celsius chamber. The atoms are
injected in and eventually diffuse with
the silicon.
diffusion
 , also called an undoped
semiconductors or i-type
semiconductor, are pure
semiconductor without any significant
dopant species present.
Intrinsic semiconductors
. These are impure semiconductors .
Extrinsic Semiconductors
 is one of the most widely used
semiconductor devices as there are so
many applications of this particular
device.
transistor
ANO BABAWI KA PA BA?