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HGU, DHT Units Overview
HGU, DHT Units Overview
Purge Gas
Naphtha
Lean Amine
PDS FDS Reformer PSA from SRU
H2
Hydrogen
H2S rich H2
DHT Amine Section
Sour Diesel Rich Amine to SRU
Sour Water
Process Steps
➢ Feed (Naphtha) Pre-desulphurisation
➢ Final desulphurisation
➢ H2 purification (PSA)
Sour
Sour Gas
Naphtha Diene Rx Hydrogenator -I
270o/320o 97o
160o/200o
7.8 kg/cm2
1.3kg/cm2g
Surge
Ni-Mo
Drum
Ni-Mo
Stripper
Co-Mo
Sour
water
Quench
175o/211o 271o/321o
28.7 kg/cm2
Sour Gas
Seperator
RGC Make 21 Kg/cm2g 163o
up
H2 Sour
water
Sweet
DHT BLOCK REFRESHER COURSE – JAN 2018 Naphtha 5
Pre - Desulphurization Section (PDS)
➢ Naphtha and recycle H2 are heated and sent to Diene Reactor (91-R-
01) and Hydrogenator-I (90-R-02) where Olefins are saturated and
Sulphur compounds are converted to H2S over Ni-Mo catalyst HR 945
and HR 406 Cobalt-Molybdenum based catalyst
CnH2n + H2 → CnH2n+2
CnH2n-2 + H2 → CnH2n
RSH + H2 → RH + H2S (Exothermic Reaction)
H2 from PSA
H2 Comp
36.4 kg/cm2
Surge Drum
2.5 kg/cm2g
386o 385o
Al2O3 Al2O3
CoMox
ZnO ZnO
Cu Cu
Preheat in 366o
•LT Shift Efflnt
•HT Shift Efflnt
•Reformer Coil Desulfurizer A/B
Hydrogenator - II
Desul
Naphtha
Pre-reformer
➢ To reduce the Sulphur content of Naphtha from 10 ppm to < 0.1 ppm.
REFORMER
Reformax-330
Reformax-210
455o/499o
Reformax-100
DM WATER
DEGASSER Preheat
Export Steam
503o/541o Drum
900o PROCESS GAS
Steam BOILER
To HT SHIFT
REACTOR
● The desulphurized vaporized feed reacts with steam over a nickel based
catalyst to form a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and
hydrogen in both the Pre-reformer (91-R-22) and the Reformer (91-F-20).
● Process gas is further mixed with steam and passed through a Nickel catalyst
packed in vertical narrow 136 tubes (in 4 equal rows) mounted in the reformer
at high temperature.
PSA
Shiftmax-120
HT Shiftmax-210
Shift 113o/115o 40o
COLD COND
SEPARATOR
H2 molecules
Predominantly Reforming Reactions
Recycle H2 of FDS section keeps this thus generation of H2
portion of catalyst in reduced state.
Predominantly Catalytic
Cracking Reactions &
Olefin Saturation
Generated Hydrogen Keeps the
catalyst of this portion in
reduced state.
➢ PSA unit works on the principle that the adsorbent attracts and retains
the impurities at higher pressure and releases them at lower pressure.
➢ Designed to produce 51496.2 Nm3/h hydrogen with a purity of 99.97
mol% out of 79229.2 Nm3/h feed gas with a hydrogen recovery rate of
89.5 %.
➢ Designed for continuous operation at all loads between 100% and 27
%.
➢ PSA Unit can be operated with 10, 9, 8, 7, 6 or 5 adsorbers.
➢ 4 Basic steps carried out by automatic PLC controlled control valves.
1. Adsorption
2. Expansion or Depressurization
3. Purging & Dumping
4. Re-Pressurisation
Flare
Purge Gas to
Flare Burners
Process Gas from 91-V-28 H2 to PDS/FDS
H2 to B.L
Density, kg/m3 820 - 860 820 - 860 820 – 845 820 – 845
Distillation
T 85 max 350 350 No spec No spec
T: 88
Make up H2
P: 65.7
T:315 T: 349 MGC
P: 75 P:73.1
T: 49
Single KF 848- KF 848- P: 65.7
pass 1.3Q Quench
1.3Q
T: 268 Lean
Reactor-1
P: 79.3 Amine
KF 848- Reactor-2
1.3Q Recycle
Combined RGC gas
Feed Scrubber
Heater T: 81
T: 355 T: 371 P: 84
P: 73.1 T:347 P:71.5
P: 81.9 Rich
Amine
Sour
T: 42
Diesel Feed
Surge P: 65.9
Drum T: 237
P: 81
Separator T:55 To
Seperator P: 66.3 Flash
Drum
To Flash Drum
Product Fractionator
Off Gas ri
Stripper
Scrubber T: 181
p
P: 0.98
T: 42 pe T: 177
Rich P: 27.2
Amine
r P: 0.94
Kerosene
Stripper
Steam
T: 340
P: 33
T: 189
T: 237 Kerosene
P: 1.3
P: 1.1
T:59
P: 27.2
T: 57 Flash
T: 282
P: 1.1
P: 27.5 Drum
P: 15.2
T: 59
H2 to VRCFP
Sour Water to
H2 from VRCFP D-SRU/ VRCFP
Fuel Gas
➢ Desirable Reactions
➢ Elimination of Sulphur
➢ Elimination of Nitrogen and oxygen
➢ Elimination of metals
➢ Saturation of olefins/ di-olefin & Aromatics
➢ Undesirable Reactions
➢ Hydro cracking
➢ coking
Desulphurisation
➢ Mercaptans , sulfides and disulfides react easily leading to saturated and
aromatic compounds.
➢ Sulphur combined into cycles of aromatic structure is difficult to eliminate.
➢ Desulphurization reaction is exothermic, consume hydrogen and produce
H2S.
➢ 2 to 3 molecules of hydrogen are consumed for every atom of sulphur
removal.
+ 6H2 H 2S + + Heat
S
Elimination of Nitrogen
C
C C
+ 5H2 C5H12 + NH3 + Heat
C C
N
➢ Nitrogen removal is desired to improve feed stock color & color stability.
Hydrogenation
➢ Hydrogenation occurs of olefinic and aromatic compounds.
➢ The reactions are highly exothermic and decreases the number of reacting
molecules.
C-C=C-C-C-C + H2 → C-C-C-C-C-C
Demetalization:
The organo metal compounds ( As, Pb, Cu, Ni, V) are cracked and the metals are
trapped on the catalyst.
Undesirable Reactions : Hydro cracking
Cracking of Hydrocarbon in presence of hydrogen
* Consumes hydrogen * Reduces product yield * Hydrogen purity of recycle gas.
Hydrodesulphurization
De-nitrification
Rate of Reaction
Aromatic/Olefin Saturation
Coking
Temperature
Aromatic/Olefin Saturation
Hydrodesulphurization
Rate of Reaction
Coking
Pressure
H2S is a weak acid & ionizes in water to form hydrogen ion & sulfide ion.
H2S + H2O ←→ H3O+ + HS-
Mono Di ethanolamine is a weak base and ionizes in water to form amine ion and
hydroxyl ion
(HOCH2CH2)2NH + H2O ←→ (HOCH2CH2)2NH2+ + OH-
When H2S dissolves into the solution containing the amine ion, it reacts to form a
weakly bonded salt of the acid & the base
(HOCH2CH2)2NH2+ + HS- ←→ (HOCH2CH2)2NH2SH
➢Temperature
Lower Temperature favors the absorption. However lean amine temperature should
be maintained 7 to 13oC higher than the gas temperature to avoid the condensation.
➢Amine concentration
Practical and economical considerations, confirmed by field experience, have
generally shown that the optimum amine concentration for this unit is 25% wt DEA.
This is based on the lowest heat requirement for the desired H2S removal, the lowest
chemical losses, and the fewest operational problems.
DHT BLOCK 36